Cardinal Planes Flashcards
Plane
- Solid “flat space”
- Infinite in all directions
- -Can be represented mathematically
Can be used as a “reference” plane - May exist in the presence of “crossing planes”
Three cardinal planes
- Frontal
- Sagittal
- Transverse
- Each exists relative to parallel planes
Axis
- A straight line about which an object rotates
- Movement will occur in a plane perpendicular to the axis
Axis locations
- May exist in any orientation relative to a cardinal plane
Uniplanar axis/motion
- Axis is parallel to a cardinal plane
- Motion will occur exclusively in one plane
- Hinge joints have motion that occurs predominantly in one plane
Biplanar axis/motion
- Axis 45 degrees from two cardinal planes
- Motion produced is equidistant from each cardinal plane
Triplanar axis/motion
- Axis is deviated from all three cardinal planes
- Nearly all the axes in the foot are triplanar
Triplanar motions of the foot
- Supination
- Pronation
Cardinal planes/axis of rotation
- Plane of movement will be perpendicular or 90 degrees from axis
Frontal/coronal plane
- A vertical plane that divides the body into a front and back
Frontal plane motion
- Sagittal plane axis
- Axis divides body into L/R
- Movement occurs parallel to the frontal
Inversion
- Movement where the plantar surface moves toward the midline of the body
Eversion
- Movement where the plantar surface tilts away from the midline of the body
Movements that occur in the frontal plane
- Inversion
- Eversion
Frontal plane fixed positions
- Varus
- Valgus
Varus
- A fixed position of inversion of the foot
- Fixed inverted position of the distal end of a limb segment
Valgus
- A fixed position of eversion of the foot
- Fixed everted position of the distal end of a limb segment
Sagittal plane
- A vertical plane that divides the body into a left and right side
Median sagittal plane
- Divides the body into equal left and right sides
Sagittal plane motion
- Frontal plane axis
- Perpendicular to sagittal plane
- Axis divide body into a front and back
- Movement occurs in the sagittal plane
Movements that occur in the sagittal plane
- Plantarflexion
- Dorsiflexion
Sagittal plane fixed positions
- Equinus
- Calcaneous
Plantarfelxion
- Movement of the distal aspect of the foot away from the anterior leg
Dorsiflexion
- Movement of the distal aspect of the foot toward the anterior leg
Equinus
- A fixed position of plantarflexion at the ankle
- Toe walker
Calcaneous
- A fixed position of dorsiflexion at the ankle
- Heel walker
Transverse/axial plane
- A horizontal plane that divides the body into caudal and cephalic parts
- Dorsal/plantar parts in the foot
Transverse plane motion
- Vertical axis
- Perpendicular to transverse plane
- Movement occurs in the transverse plane
Transverse/axial plane motions
- Adduction
- Abduction
Adduction
- Movement where the part moves toward the midline of the body
Abduction
- Movement where the part moves away from the midline of the body
Transverse/axial plane fixed positions
- Adductus
- Abductus
Adductus
- A fixed position of adduction of the foot or its components
Abductus
- A fixed position of abduction of the foot or its components
Triplanar motion of subtalar joint
- The joint axis is:
- 16 degrees from the sagittal plane
- 42 degrees from the transverse plane
- Movement occurs in all three cardinal planes
Supination (triplanar motion) in open kinetic chain involves
- Plantarflexion
- Inversion
- Adduction
Pronation (triplanar motion) in open kinetic chain involves
- Dorsiflexion
- Eversion
- Abduction
Six criteria for normal leg alignment
- The bisection of the lower 1/3 of the leg is parallel to the bisection of the calcaneus
- The horizontal plane of the forefoot is perpendicular to the bisection of the calcaneus
- There is a minimum 10° ankle dorsiflexion
- Leg must be vertical to the ground in frontal plane
- Leg must be vertical to the ground in sagittal plane
- There is no horizontal plane rotation in limb above
Open kinetic chain
- No axial load
- No ground reactive force
- The distal segment is free
Closed kinetic chain
- Presence of an axial load
- Ground reactive forces affect lower extremity
- Talus and tibia work as a “team”
- The distal segment is fixed
Supination in closed kinetic chain involves
- Dorsiflexion and abduction of talus
- External rotation of tibia
- Inversion of calcaneus
Pronation in closed kinetic chain involves
- Plantarflexion and adduction of talus
- Internal rotation of tibia
- Eversion of calcaneus
Tibia and talus joint movement in CKC pronation
- Talonavicular articulation angles
- Normal: ~75%
- Pronated: <75%
Kite’s angle (talocalcaneal) in CKC pronation
- Normal: 15-30°
- Pronated: >30°
Talipes
- Having to do with the ankle bone (talus)
Equinus
- “Horse Like” or pointy toed
Varus/valgus
- Inverted/everted
Rectus
- Straight or parallel
Pes
- The foot
Planus
- Flat or shallow
Cavus
- Deep of “cave” like
Translation
- Movement of an entire axis in space with concomitant transition-ing of planar movement
- Entire structure moves, not just a joint
Translation of a bone long axis in any direction (translation)
- Fore/aft
- Side to side
- Diagonal
Pro/re curvatum
- Used to describe leg positions relative to the sagittal plane
- Procurvatum plantarflexes toe and flexes knee
- Recurvatum hyperextends knee and keeps foot flat
Metatarsus adductus
- A condition in which the metatarsals are deviated towards the midline of the body
Forefoot adductus
- Both metatarsals and lesser tarsal bones are deviated toward the midline of the body
Metatarsus primus adductus
- A condition in which the first metatarsal is deviated toward the midline of the body, in the transverse plane
- Sometimes referred to as the 1st intermetatarsal angle
Deformity
- Any change from the “normal” or ideal structure.
- Distortion of any part of the body
Congruous
- Marked, harmonious agreement along constituent elements
- Optimum alignment of joint surfaces
Deviated
- Turned away from a “straight” or ideal alignment
Splay
- Excessive laxity of a part or excessive range of motion of a joint
Dislocation
- Immediate traumatic OR gradual disruption of a joint articulation (syn. “Luxation”)
Subluxation
- Gradual separation or partial dislocation of a joint (ie an “incomplete” dislocation)
Transverse plane deviations of the foot
- Metatarsus rectus/adductus
- Metatarsus primus adductus
- Lesser tarsus
- Forefoot adductus
Metatarsus primus adductus involves
- Primus adductus
- Hallux varus
Frontal plane deviations of the foot
- Inverted/everted foot deformities
Inverted forefoot deformities
- Forefoot varus
- Forefoot supinatus
- Metatarsus primus elevatus
Everted forefoot deformities
- Forefoot valgus
- Plantarflexed 1st ray
Sagittal plane deviations of the foot
- Extensus
- Flexus
- Can be hard to differentiate from frontal plane
Forefoot varus
- Osseous deformity
- Forefoot is in a fixed inverted position relative to the bisection of the calcaneus
Forefoot varus clinical appearance
- Thin Looking Midfoot
- Relationship of the first ray to the plane of the lesser metatarsals will be one through five
- Irreducible
Forefoot supinatus
- A positional, soft tissue inverted deformity of the forefoot on the rearfoot
- It is a soft tissue adaption
Forefoot supinatus clinical appearance
- Fat, Floppy Looking Midfoot
- 1st Ray seems “Hypermobile”
- Reducible with functional control
- Presence of hallux limitus
Metatarsus primus elevatus
- A Structural abnormality of the 1st ray in which the first ray is elevated in relationship to plane of the lesser metatarsals
Metatarsus primus adductus etiologies
- Incongruity of the 1st metatarso-cuneiform joint
- Trauma
- May cause Hallux Limitus
Everted foot deformities structural position
- The forefoot is everted in relation to the calcaneal bisector
Plantarflexed 1st ray
- The first metatarsal is plantarflexes in relation to the plane of the lesser metatarsals
Coleman block test
- Identifies reducible deformity from rigid deformity
Forefoot valgus
- Fixed osseous deformity
- The plane of metatarsals one through five in everted in relation to the calcaneal bisector
Flexible forefoot valgus
- Compensates to bring the rearfoot to perpendicular or beyond
Rigid forefoot valgus
- Will not compensate the forefoot on the rearfoot
Normal compensation
- A Change in position of function of one part to neutralize an abnormality, or an abnormal force of a superceding part
Abnormal compensation
- A pathological abnormal change in structural alignment or maintained positional abnormality in some part of the foot or leg relative to a superceding part
Talipes deformities
- Talipes equinus (or equinovalgus/varus)
- Talipes cavus
- Talipes varus/valgus
- Talipes calcaneus (or calcaneovalgus/varus)
Talipes equinus
- A limitation of dorsiflexion of the foot of < 10° with the knee in full extension
Uncompensated equinus
- The heel is incapable of purchasing the ground during normal gait
Compensated equinus
- The heel is capable of reaching the ground during normal gait
Clinical recognition of compensated equinus
- Early heel off
- Decreased shock absorption at foot strike
- Abnormal subtalar joint pronation
Vertical talus
- The long axis which passes through the head and neck of the talus approaches a parallel plane with the navicular facet
Flat top talus
- A decrease in normal convexity of the talar dome usually brought on due to compensation from limitation of motion in the sub talar joint
Hypermobility
- Movement of a segment or part beyond a normal physiological range of motion when it should be otherwise fixed or stable as stress is applied
- A dynamic determination
- Not necessarily related to a large range of motion
