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Intro to Biomechanics > Cardinal Planes > Flashcards

Cardinal Planes Flashcards

1
Q

Plane

A
  • Solid “flat space”
  • Infinite in all directions
  • -Can be represented mathematically
    Can be used as a “reference” plane
  • May exist in the presence of “crossing planes”
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2
Q

Three cardinal planes

A
  • Frontal
  • Sagittal
  • Transverse
  • Each exists relative to parallel planes
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3
Q

Axis

A
  • A straight line about which an object rotates

- Movement will occur in a plane perpendicular to the axis

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4
Q

Axis locations

A
  • May exist in any orientation relative to a cardinal plane
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5
Q

Uniplanar axis/motion

A
  • Axis is parallel to a cardinal plane
  • Motion will occur exclusively in one plane
  • Hinge joints have motion that occurs predominantly in one plane
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6
Q

Biplanar axis/motion

A
  • Axis 45 degrees from two cardinal planes

- Motion produced is equidistant from each cardinal plane

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7
Q

Triplanar axis/motion

A
  • Axis is deviated from all three cardinal planes

- Nearly all the axes in the foot are triplanar

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8
Q

Triplanar motions of the foot

A
  • Supination

- Pronation

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9
Q

Cardinal planes/axis of rotation

A
  • Plane of movement will be perpendicular or 90 degrees from axis
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10
Q

Frontal/coronal plane

A
  • A vertical plane that divides the body into a front and back
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11
Q

Frontal plane motion

A
  • Sagittal plane axis
  • Axis divides body into L/R
  • Movement occurs parallel to the frontal
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12
Q

Inversion

A
  • Movement where the plantar surface moves toward the midline of the body
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13
Q

Eversion

A
  • Movement where the plantar surface tilts away from the midline of the body
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14
Q

Movements that occur in the frontal plane

A
  • Inversion

- Eversion

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15
Q

Frontal plane fixed positions

A
  • Varus

- Valgus

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16
Q

Varus

A
  • A fixed position of inversion of the foot

- Fixed inverted position of the distal end of a limb segment

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17
Q

Valgus

A
  • A fixed position of eversion of the foot

- Fixed everted position of the distal end of a limb segment

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18
Q

Sagittal plane

A
  • A vertical plane that divides the body into a left and right side
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19
Q

Median sagittal plane

A
  • Divides the body into equal left and right sides
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20
Q

Sagittal plane motion

A
  • Frontal plane axis
  • Perpendicular to sagittal plane
  • Axis divide body into a front and back
  • Movement occurs in the sagittal plane
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21
Q

Movements that occur in the sagittal plane

A
  • Plantarflexion

- Dorsiflexion

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22
Q

Sagittal plane fixed positions

A
  • Equinus

- Calcaneous

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23
Q

Plantarfelxion

A
  • Movement of the distal aspect of the foot away from the anterior leg
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24
Q

Dorsiflexion

A
  • Movement of the distal aspect of the foot toward the anterior leg
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25
Q

Equinus

A
  • A fixed position of plantarflexion at the ankle

- Toe walker

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26
Q

Calcaneous

A
  • A fixed position of dorsiflexion at the ankle

- Heel walker

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27
Q

Transverse/axial plane

A
  • A horizontal plane that divides the body into caudal and cephalic parts
  • Dorsal/plantar parts in the foot
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28
Q

Transverse plane motion

A
  • Vertical axis
  • Perpendicular to transverse plane
  • Movement occurs in the transverse plane
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29
Q

Transverse/axial plane motions

A
  • Adduction

- Abduction

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30
Q

Adduction

A
  • Movement where the part moves toward the midline of the body
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31
Q

Abduction

A
  • Movement where the part moves away from the midline of the body
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32
Q

Transverse/axial plane fixed positions

A
  • Adductus

- Abductus

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33
Q

Adductus

A
  • A fixed position of adduction of the foot or its components
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34
Q

Abductus

A
  • A fixed position of abduction of the foot or its components
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35
Q

Triplanar motion of subtalar joint

A
  • The joint axis is:
  • 16 degrees from the sagittal plane
  • 42 degrees from the transverse plane
  • Movement occurs in all three cardinal planes
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36
Q

Supination (triplanar motion) in open kinetic chain involves

A
  • Plantarflexion
  • Inversion
  • Adduction
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37
Q

Pronation (triplanar motion) in open kinetic chain involves

A
  • Dorsiflexion
  • Eversion
  • Abduction
38
Q

Six criteria for normal leg alignment

A
  1. The bisection of the lower 1/3 of the leg is parallel to the bisection of the calcaneus
  2. The horizontal plane of the forefoot is perpendicular to the bisection of the calcaneus
  3. There is a minimum 10° ankle dorsiflexion
  4. Leg must be vertical to the ground in frontal plane
  5. Leg must be vertical to the ground in sagittal plane
  6. There is no horizontal plane rotation in limb above
39
Q

Open kinetic chain

A
  • No axial load
  • No ground reactive force
  • The distal segment is free
40
Q

Closed kinetic chain

A
  • Presence of an axial load
  • Ground reactive forces affect lower extremity
  • Talus and tibia work as a “team”
  • The distal segment is fixed
41
Q

Supination in closed kinetic chain involves

A
  • Dorsiflexion and abduction of talus
  • External rotation of tibia
  • Inversion of calcaneus
42
Q

Pronation in closed kinetic chain involves

A
  • Plantarflexion and adduction of talus
  • Internal rotation of tibia
  • Eversion of calcaneus
43
Q

Tibia and talus joint movement in CKC pronation

A
  • Talonavicular articulation angles
  • Normal: ~75%
  • Pronated: <75%
44
Q

Kite’s angle (talocalcaneal) in CKC pronation

A
  • Normal: 15-30°

- Pronated: >30°

45
Q

Talipes

A
  • Having to do with the ankle bone (talus)
46
Q

Equinus

A
  • “Horse Like” or pointy toed
47
Q

Varus/valgus

A
  • Inverted/everted
48
Q

Rectus

A
  • Straight or parallel
49
Q

Pes

A
  • The foot
50
Q

Planus

A
  • Flat or shallow
51
Q

Cavus

A
  • Deep of “cave” like
52
Q

Translation

A
  • Movement of an entire axis in space with concomitant transition-ing of planar movement
  • Entire structure moves, not just a joint
53
Q

Translation of a bone long axis in any direction (translation)

A
  • Fore/aft
  • Side to side
  • Diagonal
54
Q

Pro/re curvatum

A
  • Used to describe leg positions relative to the sagittal plane
  • Procurvatum plantarflexes toe and flexes knee
  • Recurvatum hyperextends knee and keeps foot flat
55
Q

Metatarsus adductus

A
  • A condition in which the metatarsals are deviated towards the midline of the body
56
Q

Forefoot adductus

A
  • Both metatarsals and lesser tarsal bones are deviated toward the midline of the body
57
Q

Metatarsus primus adductus

A
  • A condition in which the first metatarsal is deviated toward the midline of the body, in the transverse plane
  • Sometimes referred to as the 1st intermetatarsal angle
58
Q

Deformity

A
  • Any change from the “normal” or ideal structure.

- Distortion of any part of the body

59
Q

Congruous

A
  • Marked, harmonious agreement along constituent elements

- Optimum alignment of joint surfaces

60
Q

Deviated

A
  • Turned away from a “straight” or ideal alignment
61
Q

Splay

A
  • Excessive laxity of a part or excessive range of motion of a joint
62
Q

Dislocation

A
  • Immediate traumatic OR gradual disruption of a joint articulation (syn. “Luxation”)
63
Q

Subluxation

A
  • Gradual separation or partial dislocation of a joint (ie an “incomplete” dislocation)
64
Q

Transverse plane deviations of the foot

A
  • Metatarsus rectus/adductus
  • Metatarsus primus adductus
  • Lesser tarsus
  • Forefoot adductus
65
Q

Metatarsus primus adductus involves

A
  • Primus adductus

- Hallux varus

66
Q

Frontal plane deviations of the foot

A
  • Inverted/everted foot deformities
67
Q

Inverted forefoot deformities

A
  • Forefoot varus
  • Forefoot supinatus
  • Metatarsus primus elevatus
68
Q

Everted forefoot deformities

A
  • Forefoot valgus

- Plantarflexed 1st ray

69
Q

Sagittal plane deviations of the foot

A
  • Extensus
  • Flexus
  • Can be hard to differentiate from frontal plane
70
Q

Forefoot varus

A
  • Osseous deformity

- Forefoot is in a fixed inverted position relative to the bisection of the calcaneus

71
Q

Forefoot varus clinical appearance

A
  • Thin Looking Midfoot
  • Relationship of the first ray to the plane of the lesser metatarsals will be one through five
  • Irreducible
72
Q

Forefoot supinatus

A
  • A positional, soft tissue inverted deformity of the forefoot on the rearfoot
  • It is a soft tissue adaption
73
Q

Forefoot supinatus clinical appearance

A
  • Fat, Floppy Looking Midfoot
  • 1st Ray seems “Hypermobile”
  • Reducible with functional control
  • Presence of hallux limitus
74
Q

Metatarsus primus elevatus

A
  • A Structural abnormality of the 1st ray in which the first ray is elevated in relationship to plane of the lesser metatarsals
75
Q

Metatarsus primus adductus etiologies

A
  • Incongruity of the 1st metatarso-cuneiform joint
  • Trauma
  • May cause Hallux Limitus
76
Q

Everted foot deformities structural position

A
  • The forefoot is everted in relation to the calcaneal bisector
77
Q

Plantarflexed 1st ray

A
  • The first metatarsal is plantarflexes in relation to the plane of the lesser metatarsals
78
Q

Coleman block test

A
  • Identifies reducible deformity from rigid deformity
79
Q

Forefoot valgus

A
  • Fixed osseous deformity

- The plane of metatarsals one through five in everted in relation to the calcaneal bisector

80
Q

Flexible forefoot valgus

A
  • Compensates to bring the rearfoot to perpendicular or beyond
81
Q

Rigid forefoot valgus

A
  • Will not compensate the forefoot on the rearfoot
82
Q

Normal compensation

A
  • A Change in position of function of one part to neutralize an abnormality, or an abnormal force of a superceding part
83
Q

Abnormal compensation

A
  • A pathological abnormal change in structural alignment or maintained positional abnormality in some part of the foot or leg relative to a superceding part
84
Q

Talipes deformities

A
  • Talipes equinus (or equinovalgus/varus)
  • Talipes cavus
  • Talipes varus/valgus
  • Talipes calcaneus (or calcaneovalgus/varus)
85
Q

Talipes equinus

A
  • A limitation of dorsiflexion of the foot of < 10° with the knee in full extension
86
Q

Uncompensated equinus

A
  • The heel is incapable of purchasing the ground during normal gait
87
Q

Compensated equinus

A
  • The heel is capable of reaching the ground during normal gait
88
Q

Clinical recognition of compensated equinus

A
  • Early heel off
  • Decreased shock absorption at foot strike
  • Abnormal subtalar joint pronation
89
Q

Vertical talus

A
  • The long axis which passes through the head and neck of the talus approaches a parallel plane with the navicular facet
90
Q

Flat top talus

A
  • A decrease in normal convexity of the talar dome usually brought on due to compensation from limitation of motion in the sub talar joint
91
Q

Hypermobility

A
  • Movement of a segment or part beyond a normal physiological range of motion when it should be otherwise fixed or stable as stress is applied
  • A dynamic determination
  • Not necessarily related to a large range of motion

Intro to Biomechanics (8 decks)

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