Cardic and Circulation system (topline) Flashcards
Draw and label a basic diagram of the cardiac and circulatory system
Describe the life cycle of a red blood cell in it’s three overarching steps
1. Haematopoesis
RBC synthesis that occurs in the bone marrow
2. Circulation
Lives in circulation for around 120 days
3. Haemolysis
Broken down into
Heme → Fe2+ & bilirubin
Globin → Amino acids.
This occurs in the Spleen, Liver, and in the Bone Marrow
Draw and label a diagram of the interior bone marrow structure of long bones
What are the 6 stages proceeding full maturity of an erythrocyte during erythropoesis?
What products are synthesised during the early and late erythroblast stages of erythropoesis?
Early: Ribosomes
Late: Haemoglobin accumulates
What is a reticulocyte missing in comparion with the previous steps of erythropoesis?
A Nucleus
How long does a reticulocyte stay in the bone marrow, and how long in the blood before becoming a mature RBC?
BM: 3 days
Blood: 1-2 days
Define Intercostal Space
The space between your two ribs
Midclavicular Line
Imaginary vertical line passing through the middle of the clavicle
Define Hypertrophy
Increase in size of an organ due to increase in number of cells that make up the organ
Define the Apex Beat (apical impulse) and the PMI
The apex beat is the pulse felt at the point of maximum impulse (PMI)
The PMI is found in the left intercostal space in the left 5th intercostal space on the midclavicular line
How does the position of the Apex Beat differ in children?
From birth to age 3 years the apex beat is located in the 4th intercostal space and with increasing age gradually moves into the 5th space in most children.
Give a pathological pathway from anemia to LVH
Compensatory responses to tissue hypoxemia derived from anemia include increased cardiac output and high blood flow
Long-standing flow/volume overload and increased cardiac work
- owing to compensatory responses to tissue hypoxemia derived from anemia -
result in progressive cardiac enlargement, and LVH in patients with chronic anemia
What could the more forceful apex beat present in Didem’s examination indicate?
Known as ‘Heaving Apex’
The amplitude of this apex beat is a forceful
The duration sustained and dislocated.
Classically seen in ventricular hypertrophy due to pressure overload conditions (aortic stenosis, systemic hypertension etc).
