Cardiac/Vascular Structure

Question 1

What are the 3 layers of the heart?

Answer 1

epicardium –> myocardium –> endocardium

Question 2

Which layer of the heart is the muscular layer?

Answer 2

myocardium

Question 3

Which tissue is a serous membrane with a dense fibrous layer that surrounds the heart?

Answer 3

Pericardium

Question 4

What layer of the heart is composed of mesothelium and areolar tissue that coveres the outer surface of the heart?

Answer 4

epicardium

Question 5

Which layer of the heart covers the inner surfaces of the heart, and is composed of endothelium and areolar tissue?

Answer 5

endocardium

Question 6

In this layer of the heart, the blood vessels and nerves pass through it.

Answer 6

Epicardium (the outside)

Question 7

Where in the cardiac muscle cells is the nucleus located?

Answer 7

in the center

Question 8

True or False: cardiac muscle cells are striated, branched, and tightly connected by specialized jxns.

Answer 8

True

Question 9

What is the name of the region where the ends of the cells are connected to another cell?

Answer 9

intercalated disk

Question 10

The intercalated disc has what proteins to allow communication from cell –> cell?

Answer 10

gap jxns

Question 11

These are accumulations of small muscle fibers that lack striations and intercalated disks.

Answer 11

Nodes

Question 12

This is structure with non-contractile myocytes that originate at the AV node and terminate as Purkinje fibers.

Answer 12

bundle of His

Question 13

Which bands of the sarcomere (H, I, Z, and A) shorten during contraction?

Answer 13

H, I, and Z (the sarcomere itself)

Question 14

This layer of the heart valve is composed of loose connective tissue + endothelium and acts as a shock absorber.

Answer 14

Tunica spongiosa

“squishy sponge”

Question 15

This layer of the heart valve is composed of dense fibrocollagenous plates, forming the core of the valve.

Answer 15

Tunica fibrosa

Question 16

This layer of the heart valve is adjacent to the vetnricular or atrial surface of each valve, contains dense CT with elastic fibers, and continues into the chordae tendinae.

Answer 16

Tunica ventricularis

Question 17

This is the network of collagen and elastin fibers that surrounds the myocardium, anchors the cardiac muscle fibers and 4 cardiac valves, and prevents overdilation of the valve openings.

Answer 17

Fibrous skeleton of the heart.

Question 18

This is the innermost layer of the blood vessel, composed of simple squamous epithelial tissue, and bounded by internal elastic membrane.

Answer 18

Tunica intima

Question 19

This is the middle layer of the blood vessel, composed of smooth muscle, and is present in large arteries.

Answer 19

Tunica media

Question 20

This is the membrane that separates the tunica media and adventitia.

Answer 20

External elastic membrane

Question 21

What tissues comprise the tunica adventitia?

Answer 21

collagen and elastic fibers.

Question 22

Which 2 important structures run within the tunica adventitia?

Answer 22

vasa vasorum and nervi vascualris

Question 23

This cell layer on the blood vessel acts as a barrier, maintains non-thrombogenic barrier between platelets and subendothelial tissue, modulates blood flow, cell growth, maintains ECM, lipoprotein metabolism, and immune responses

Answer 23

Endothelium

Question 24

In atherosclerosis, after there has been endothelial cell injury, what cells adhere and release cytokines?

Answer 24

macrophages

Question 25

The release of cytokines my macrophages causes hyperplasia of what layer of the vessel?

Answer 25

tunica intima

Question 26

The macrophages then oxidize and modify LDLs, forming what type of cells within smooth muscle in atherosclerosis?

Answer 26

Foam cells

Question 27

What then forms over the foam cells, which then calcified dystrophically?

Answer 27

fibrous cap

Question 28

In what arrangement is the elastic fibers arranged in the tunica media in elastic arteries, which allows for expansion and contraction to deal with pressure changes?

Answer 28

circumfrentially

Question 29

In these artieries, there are thin circumferential elastic fiber lamellae in the layers of the smooth muscle cells.

Answer 29

Muscular arteries

Question 30

What can cause the decrease of the lumen diameter in small muscular arteries, leading to HTN?

Answer 30

lipid accumulation in the tunica media

Question 31

These are short vessels that connect arterioles and venules.

Answer 31

Metarterioles

Question 32

What happens when the precapillary sphincters are contracted?

Answer 32

blood flow is constricted for 1 vessel to the venule, so the blood can be overall diverted to other vessels.

Question 33

This is the bypass of capillary beds via direct communication btwn arterioles and venules.

Answer 33

AV shunts

Question 34

What happens when AV shunts are contracted?

Answer 34

blood is diverted to capillary beds to generate heat loss (opposite happens when relaxed)

Question 35

These are capillary-like channels that are associated with macrophages.

Answer 35

Sinusoids

Question 36

These vessels are large collecting vessels with no tunica media with more pericytes than capillaries.

Answer 36

Post-capillary venules

Question 37

These vessels have a tunica media and drain into medium veins.

Answer 37

muscular venules

Question 38

These vessels get blood from venules, have valves, and have a thin intima and media.

Answer 38

Medium veins

Question 39

These vessels have a diameter > 10mm, have no valves, and have a thick elastic and collagenous adventitia layer

Answer 39

Large veins

Question 40

Which layer of the vessels makes up the valves?

Answer 40

intima

Question 41

True or False: lymph vessels have valves and a discontinuous basement membrane.

Answer 41

True