Cardiac system

Question 1

What can the mucous membrane look like if there is cardiac failure?

Answer 1

Cyanotic , Livid , Pale, whitish

Question 2

Where to measure the pulse in Cattle?

Answer 2

• Facial a.
• Transverse facial a.
• Coccygeal a.

Question 3

Where to measure pulse in Horse?

Answer 3

• Facial a.
• Transverse facial a.
• Lateral and medial digital aa.

Question 4

Apical beat location in dogs and cat:

Answer 4

Left 3-6 and Right 3-5 ics

Question 5

Arterial palpation:

Answer 5

• Rhythm
• Symmetric
• Rate
• Quality –> Size, strength, duration of pulse wave, and fullness of artery

Question 6

Type of exam commonly carried out, together with ECG?

Answer 6

PhonoCardioGraphy PCG

Question 7

Describe a systolic murmur in the horse:

Answer 7

• Systolic murmur –>Blood flows into aorta and pulmonary aorta in early systole.
• Diastolic murmur –> Ventricular filling. Common in EQ. young horses and thoroughbreds.

Question 8

What is true about the systolic heart murmur in horses:

Answer 8

• Graded 1-3/6
• Can be heard on the left side of the thorax
• Localized and brief
• Intensity may change with exercise

Due to ventricular filling (FALSE – it is Caused by blood flow in aorta and pulmonary artery)
 Happens in late systole (FALSE - it happens in early-mid systole)
 It is crescendo (FALSE – it is crescendo-decrescendo or decrescendo)

Question 9

ECG, asked to calculate the heart rate:

Answer 9

155

Question 10

Enlarged P wave:

Answer 10

Atrial enlargement

Question 11

In dogs, left-sided heart failure can lead to:

Answer 11

Ascites

Question 12

In what kind of conditions would you hear a stronger heartbeat?

Answer 12

 Exercise
 Cardiac hypertrophy
 Dislocation

Question 13

Pulse pressure:

Answer 13

• Difference between systolic and diastolic blood pressure.

- Determined by heart rate, stroke volume, and peripheral resistance.

Question 14

When to take an ECG:

Answer 14

 Irregular heartbeats noted during physical exercise. Bradycardia, tachycardia, etc.
 Exact diagnosis and evaluation of cardiac arrhythmias
 Detect enlarged cardiac chambers (Echocardiography better)
 Show cardiac disturbances of electrolytes and systemic diseases
 Aid cardiac diseases diagnosis
 Monitor anaesthesia
 Evaluate effectiveness of cardiac drugs (Digitalis glycosides, etc.)

Question 15

Pre-cordial thrill (fremitus):

Answer 15

Pathological. Grade 5 murmur –> Very loud murmur with pre-cordial thrill.

Question 16

Heart palpation:

Answer 16

Between the 3rd and 6th ic space.

All species on both sides except Cattle, goat, sheep, pig : Only on the left

Question 17

Dog – Heart apex:

Answer 17

Apex beat in the dog and cat is over the edge of the sternum.
Left ic : 3-6
Right ic : 3-5

Question 18

What do you test with BMBT?

Answer 18

Buccal Mucosal Bleeding Test –>Capillary refill time (<2secs). Also, tests platelet function.

Question 19

What clinical signs are seen in case of pericardial effusion?

Answer 19

• Elevation of the caudo-ventral border –> Increase of cardiac dullness (enlargement)

Question 20

Pulse measurement:

Answer 20

Horse : Facial a., Transverse facial a., Brachial a. (Median a.), Common digital palmar a.

Cow : Facial a., Transverse facial a., Coccygeal a., Greater auricular a.

Small ruminants, Dog, Cat : Femoral a.

Question 21

What is M-mode in echocardiography?

Answer 21

Uni-directional M-mode echocardiography (M:motion) –>Used for the measurement of the left ventricle.

Question 22

Pericardial tamponade in Cow. Signs:

Answer 22

 Pulse changes with respiration

 Positive venous stasis test–>No emptying below the compression point

Question 23

Grading of murmurs:

Answer 23

I Very soft murmur, heard only after a few seconds in a quiet room.

II Soft murmur but easily heard directly upon auscultation.

III Moderate intensity murmur with good audibility.

IV Loud murmur, very good audibility but without precordial thrill.

V Very loud murmur with precordial thrill.

VI Loudest murmur, even audible with stethoscope lifted from the chest wall.

Question 24

In which species can’t you palpate the heart on the right side?

Answer 24

Ruminants and Pigs