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Mammalian physiology > Cardiac System > Flashcards

Cardiac System Flashcards

1
Q

functions of cardiovascular system

A

move substances
- materials entering the body
- materials moved from cell to cell
- materials leaving the body

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2
Q

components of the cardiovascular system

A
  • blood
  • blood vessels
  • heart
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3
Q

blood components

A

connective tissue with cellular components suspended in a fluid matrix called plasma
plasma = 55%
cellular components = 45%

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4
Q

total blood volume

A

5L = 2L(cells) + 3L(plasma)

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5
Q

What’s in the blood?

A
  • water = 92%
  • proteins = 7%
  • rest = 1%
  • ions present: na, cl, h, k, ca, hco3
    (liver makes most plasma proteins+ secretes them to the blood)
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6
Q

cellular elements in the blood

A
  • red blood cells (erythrocytes
  • white blood cells (leukocytes)
  • platelets (thrombocytes)
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7
Q

blood soldiers

A

white blood cells are the only fully functional cells in the circulation

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8
Q

phagocytes

A

neutrophils, monocytes, and macrophages
- engulf and ingest foreign particles aka bacteria

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9
Q

immunocytes

A

lymphocytes
- responsible for specific immune responses directed against invaders

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10
Q

granulocytes

A

basophils, eosinophils, neutrophils
- contain cytoplasmic inclusions that give them a granular appearance

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11
Q

hematopoietic stem cell

A

single precursor cell type for blood cells to descend from

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12
Q

hematopoiesis

A

the synthesis of blood cells, begins early in embryonic development and continues through life

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13
Q

leukocyte production

A

leukopoiesis (colony-stimulating factor CSF)

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14
Q

red blood cell production

A

erythropoiesis (erythropoietin (EPO))

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15
Q

platelet production

A

thrombopoiesis (thrombopoietin (TPO))

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16
Q

complete blood count (CBC)

A

provides information on several parameters of blood

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17
Q

mean corpuscular volume (MCV)

A

average volume of one red blood cell

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18
Q

mean corpuscular hemoglobin (MCH)

A

amount of hemoglobin per RBC

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19
Q

mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration (MCHC)

A

amount of hemoglobin per volume of one RBC

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20
Q

hemoglobin

A

the oxygen-binding protein that gives RBC their color reversibly binds to oxygen

1 hemoglobin can bind to four oxygen molecules

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21
Q

oxyhemoglobin

A

hemoglobin bound to oxygen

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22
Q

% saturation of Hb

A

amount of oxygen bound to hemoglobin at any given
(amount of O2 bound / max that could be bound) X 100% =

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23
Q

oxyhemoglobin saturation curves

A
  • relationship between and how much oxygen binds to hemoglobin in vitro
    normal pressure=90% bound
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24
Q

Fetal vs. adult hemoglobin

A
  • fetal hemoglobin has a higher oxygen affinity
  • babies automatically switch from fetal to adult (takes 2 years)
  • fetal levels drop 10% every 2 weeks
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25
Q

Bohr effect

A

Shift in hemoglobin saturation curve that results from a change in pH
(13% more O at ph 7.2 than 7.4)

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26
Q

Hemoglobin and Temperature

A
  • increasing temperature decreases the affinity of hemoglobin for oxygen
  • this allows for easier release of oxygen to tissues important in excercise
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27
Q

Hemoglobin and CO2

A
  • CO2 increases hydrogen ion concentration and lowers tissue pH
  • hemoglobin’s affinity for oxygen decreases
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28
Q

walls of blood vessels

A
  • smooth muscle
  • elastic connective tissue
  • fibrous connective tissue
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29
Q

vasoconstriction

A

narrows the diameter of the blood vessel lumen

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30
Q

vasodilation

A

widens the diameter of the blood vessel lumen

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31
Q

microcirculation

A

arterioles, along with capillaries and small postcapillary vessels called venules

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32
Q

continuous capillaries

A

have a lining that contains pores that let only small molecules (hormones, glucose, and gases) pass through. Nervous system, skin, and lungs

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33
Q

Fenestrated Capillaries

A

have larger openings between the cells that allow quick exchange of substances (nutrients and blood) kidneys, small intestine, and endocrine glands

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34
Q

sinusoidal capillaries

A

discontinuous, have even larger gaps and pores. liver, spleen, lymph nodes, bone marrow, and endocrine glands

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35
Q

veins

A
  • valves in the veins prevent backflow of the blood
  • veins have to work against gravity
  • when the skeletal muscles compress the vein, they force blood toward the heart
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36
Q

blood pressure

A

blood pressure is highest in the arteries and decreases continuously as blood flows through the circulatory system

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37
Q

systolic pressure

A

highest pressure in the circulatory system created by the contraction of ventricles of the heart

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38
Q

diastolic pressure

A

lowest pressure in the circulatory system associated with the relaxation of ventricles of the heart

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39
Q

arterial blood pressure (BP)

A

“blood pressure” reflects driving pressure created by the pumping action of the heart

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40
Q

normal blood pressure

A

120/80

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41
Q

hypotension

A

low blood pressure
- blood flow and oxygen supply to the brain are impaired and the person may become dizzy or faint

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42
Q

hypertension

A

high blood pressure
- high pressure on the walls of blood vessels may cause weakened areas to rupture and bleed into the tissues

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43
Q

cerebral hemorrhage

A

blood vessel ruptures in the brain

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44
Q

stroke

A

loss of neurological function

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45
Q

pulse

A

the rapid pressure increase that occurs when the left ventricle pushed blood into the aorta transmitted through fluid filled arteries

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46
Q

pulse pressure

A

measure of the strength of the pressure wave defined as PP= SP - DP

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47
Q

mean arterial pressure (MAP)

A

MAP = DP + 1/3 (SP - DP)

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48
Q

distribution of blood to tissues

A

varies according to metabolic needs and governed by a combination of local control mechanisms and homeostatic reflexes

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49
Q

blood flow through arteries

A
  • depends on resistance
  • higher the resistance the lower the blood flow through it
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50
Q

blood flow through blood vessels

A

determined by the vessel’s resistance to flow

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51
Q

Boyle’s law

A

provides the basis for circulation
- flow 0( ^P/R
- blood flow increases in response to a pressure gradient and blood flow decreases as the resistance increases

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52
Q

local control

A

of arteriolar resistance matches tissue blood flow to the metabolic needs of the tissue

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53
Q

sympathetic reflexes

A

mediated by the CNS maintain mean arterial pressure and determine blood distribution to various tissues to meet homeostatic need such as temp regulation

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54
Q

hormones

A

particularly those that regulate salt and water excretion by the kidneys influence blood pressure by acting directly on the arterioles and by altering autonomic reflex control

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55
Q

sympathetic neurons

A

part of the autonomic nervous system, controls involuntary body functions

56
Q

parasympathetic nervous system

A

facilitates the normal day-to-day functions

57
Q

paracrine signaling

A

type of cell communication where a cell releases a signal to change the behavior of nearby cells

58
Q

exchange at capillaries

A

tissues have more capillaries per unit area, subcutaneous tissue and cartilage have the lowest capillary density, and muscles/glands have the highest

  • lowest velocity, highest cross-sectional area
59
Q

capillaries

A
  • have the thinnest walls of all the blood vessels (single layer of flattened endothelial cells supported on a basal lamina
  • RBCs single file
60
Q

diffusion

A

oxygen and carbon dioxide diffuse freely across the thin endothelium

61
Q

transcytosis

A

leaky cell junctions, most small, dissolved solutes can diffuse freely between the cells or through the fenestrations

62
Q

bulk flow

A

mass movement of fluid as the result of hydrostatic or osmotic pressure gradients

63
Q

absorption

A

when direction of bulk flow is into the capillary

64
Q

filtration

A

when the direction of bulk flow is out of the capillary

65
Q

starling forces

A

regulate bulk flow in the capillaries

66
Q

hydrostatic pressure

A

lateral pressure component of blood flow that pushes fluid out through the capillary pores

67
Q

osmotic pressure

A

determined by solute concentration of a compartment (due to proteins in plasma but not interstitial fluid)
- the osmotic pressure created by the presence of these proteins is known as colloid osmotic pressure (oncotic pressure)

68
Q

net pressure

A

net pressure= hydrostatic pressure - colloid pressure
- (+) = filtration
- (-) = absorption

69
Q

lymphatic system

A
  • allows the one-way movement of interstitial fluid from the tissues into the circulation
  • interact with cardiovascular, digestive, and immune systems
70
Q

functions of lymphatic system

A
  • returning fluid and proteins filtered out of the capillaries to the circulatory system
  • picking up the fat absorbed at the small intestine and transferring it to the circulatory system
  • serving as a filter to help capture and destroy foreign pathogens
71
Q

lymph nodes

A

bean shaped nodules of tissue with a fibrous outer capsule and an internal collection of immunologically active cells

72
Q

edema

A

accumulation of fluid in the interstitial space

73
Q

causes of edema

A
  • inadequate drainage of lymph
  • blood capillary filtration that greatly exceeds capillary absorption
74
Q

elephantiasis

A

chronic condition marked by gross enlargement of the legs and lower appendages when parasites block the lymph vessels

75
Q

Three factors that disrupt the normal balance between capillary filtration and absorption are

A
  • increase in capillary hydrostatic pressure
  • decrease in plasma protein concentration
  • increase in interstitial proteins
76
Q

increase in capillary hydrostatic pressure

A

usually indicative of elevated venous pressure Ex: heart failure one ventricle loses pumping power

77
Q

decrease in plasma protein concentration

A

severe malnutrition or liver failure

78
Q

increase in interstitial proteins

A

excessive leakage of proteins out of the blood decreases the colloid osmotic pressure gradient and increases net capillary filtration

79
Q

the heart (overview)

A
  • workhorse of the body
  • muscle contracts continually
  • 1 min = work of a 5 pound weight up one foot
  • needs constant nutrients and oxygen
80
Q

location of heart

A

apex points toward left side of body, broader base is behind sternum

81
Q

pericardium

A

tough, membranous sac where the heart is encased

82
Q

pericardial fluid

A

inside pericardium lubricates external surface of heart as it beats within sac

83
Q

pericarditis

A

inflammation of pericardium

84
Q

aorta and pulmonary trunk (artery)

A

direct blood from the heart to tissues and lungs

85
Q

venae cavae and pulmonary veins

A

return blood to the heart

86
Q

pulmonary circuit

A

takes blood to the lungs and gills

87
Q

systemic circuit

A

takes blood to the body

88
Q

steps of both circuits

A
  • (P) blood enters the right atrium
  • (P) blood enters the right ventricle
  • (P) blood is pumped to the lungs
  • (S) blood returns to the left atrium
  • (S) blood enters the left ventricle
  • (S) blood is pumped to the body
89
Q

atrioventricular (AV) valves

A

between the atria and ventricles

90
Q

semilunar (SL) valves

A

crescent moon shape, between the ventricles and their arteries

91
Q

AV flaps

A

slightly thickened at the edge and connect to the ventricular side to collagenous tendons, the chordae tendinea which are tethered to ventricular muscle known as the papillary muscle

92
Q

tricuspid valve

A

valve that separates the right atrium and right ventricle (three flaps)

93
Q

bicuspid/mitral valve

A

valve between the left atrium and left ventricle (two flaps)

94
Q

autorhythmic cells/pacemakers

A

specialized myocardial cells that signal for myocardial contraction

95
Q

myogenic

A

signal for contraction comes from within the heart muscle itself

96
Q

intercalated disks

A

have two components
- desmosomes
- gap junctions

97
Q

contraction of sarcomere

A
  • the filaments slide past one another
  • the sarcomere shortens with no change in lengths of the thin (actin) and thick (myosin) filaments themselves
98
Q

thin filament proteins

A

troponin and tropomyosin

99
Q

troponin and tropomyosin

A
  • block myosin binding sites on actin
  • muscle relaxes
  • when calcium binds contractions begin again
100
Q

cardiac muscle contraction can be graded

A
  • force generated by cardiac muscle is proportional to the number of cross bridges that are active
  • number of active bridges is determined by Ca bound to troponin
  • low Ca = small contraction force
101
Q

myocardial action potentialscontractile and autorythmic myocardium play a role

A
102
Q

how is resting potential of a neuron maintained?

A
  • extracellular fluid: more na and cl
  • interior of membrane: more k
103
Q

How do voltage gated ion channels work?

A

action potential depends on voltage gated channels
- depolarized the channels open

104
Q

action potential in muscle/neuron?

A

the rapid depolarization phase of the action potential is the result of entry Na and the steep repolarization phase is due to k leaving the cell

105
Q

myocardial contractile cell

A

has longer action potential due to Ca entry

106
Q

phase 4: resting membrane potential

A

myocardial contractile cells have a stable resting potential of about -90mV

107
Q

phase 0: depolarization

A

voltage-gated Na channels open, allowing Na to enter the cell and rapidly depolarize it. the membrane potential reaches +20mV before the channels close

108
Q

phase 1: initial repolarization

A

when the Na channels close, the cell begins to repolarize as K leaves through open K channels

109
Q

phase 2: the plateau

A

the result of two events:
- decrease of K permeability
- increase in Ca permeability

110
Q

phase 3: rapid repolarization

A

the plateau ends when ca channels close and K permeability increases again the slow K channels responsible for this phase are like those in the neuron

111
Q

Length of action potential

A
  • neuron/skeletal muscle: 1-5msec
  • contractile myocardial cell: 200msec
112
Q

Why can autorhythmic cells generate action potentials without the nervous system?

A
  • result of unstable membrane potential
  • called pacemaker potential
  • when it gets to threshold an action potential fires
113
Q

Why are is the membrane potential unstable?

A
  • autorhythmic cells contain I channels
  • I channels are permeable to Na+ and K+
  • happens at rest
114
Q

heart rate

A

determined by the speed with which pacemaker cells depolarize

115
Q

why is it necessary to direct electrical signals through AV node?

A
  • apex to base contraction
  • Av node delay allows the atria to complete their contraction before ventricular contraction begins
116
Q

diastole

A

the time during which cardiac muscle relaxes(dilation)
- relaxation decreases pressure

117
Q

systole

A

the time during which the muscle contracts(contraction)
- contraction increases pressure

118
Q

end-diastolic volume (EDV)

A
  • maximum volume of blood that ventricle will hold during cardiac cycle
119
Q

end-systolic volume (ESV)

A

the minimum volume of blood the ventricle contains during one cycle

120
Q

stroke volume

A

the amount of blood pumped by one ventricle during a contraction mL/beat
SV=EDV-ESV

121
Q

ejection fraction (EF)

A

volume of blood ejected from ventricle/contraction
EF=SV/EDV

122
Q

cardiac output (CO)

A

the volume of blood pumped by one ventricle in a given period of time
CO=heart rateXstroke volume

123
Q

Frank-Starling law of the heart

A
  • stroke volume is proportional to end diastolic volume
  • as additional blood enters the heart the heart contracts more forcefully and ejects more blood
124
Q

electrocardiograms (ECG/EKG)

A

surface electrodes to record internal electrical activity because salt solutions, such as our NaCl based extracellular fluid
- sum of multiple action potentials

125
Q

towards + electrode

A

ECG wave goes up from the baseline

126
Q

towards - electrode

A

the wave points downward

127
Q

p wave

A

atrial depolarization

128
Q

p-r segment

A

conduction through AV node and AV bundle

129
Q

QRS complex

A

ventricular depolarization

130
Q

T wave

A

ventricular repolarization

131
Q

what does ECG show?

A

information on heart rate and rhythm, conduction velocity, and even the condition of tissues in the heart

132
Q

On ECG: Heart Rate

A

peak of one R wave to the peak of the next R wave
- normal heartrate is 60-100 beats per minute

133
Q

tachycardia

A

faster-than-normal heart rate

134
Q

bradycardia

A

slower-than-normal heart rate

135
Q

arrhythmia

A

irregular heart rhythm, can result from a benign extra beat or from more serious conditions such as atrial fibrillation, in which the SA node has lost control of the pacemaking

Mammalian physiology (2 decks)

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