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Cardiac Rehab > Cardiac Structure and Anatomy > Flashcards

Cardiac Structure and Anatomy Flashcards

1
Q

What is located in the right side of the heart?

A
  • Right Atrium
  • Right Ventricle
  • Tricuspid Valve
  • Pulmonary Semilunar Valve
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2
Q

What is located in the left side of the heart?

A
  • Left Atrium
  • Left Ventricle
  • Bicuspid (Mitral) Valve
  • Aortic Semilunar Valve
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3
Q

What is stenosis?

A

Narrowing of canal or pathway.

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4
Q

What is regurgitation?

A

Incomplete closure of valve flaps.

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5
Q

List some of the anatomical structures of the heart.

A
  • Annulus Fibrous
  • Endocardium
  • Epicardium
  • Pericardium
  • Pericardial Fluid
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6
Q

Describe the flow of blood.

A

Superior/Inferior vena cava –> Right Atrium –> Right Ventricle –> Pulmonary Circuit –> Left Atrium –> Left Ventricle –> Systemic Circuit –>

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7
Q

How do you calculate Mean Arterial Pressure (MAP)?

A

Diastolic + 1/3 (Systolic - Diastolic)

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8
Q

List the components of pressure.

A
  • Valves open and close to allow blood to flow based on pressure build-up
  • Filling of a chamber pressurizes the chamber
    -There is a pressure gradient through the systemic circuit
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9
Q

What is the typical aortic pressure?

A

70 -100 mmHg

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10
Q

What is the typical pressure in the right atrium?

A

5 - 8 mmHg

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11
Q

What causes resistance to flow?

A
  • Vessel diameter
  • Viscosity of fluid
  • Length of vessel/circuit
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12
Q

What is end-diastolic volume?

A

Amount of blood in the ventricles at the end of ventricular diastole.

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13
Q

What is end-systolic volume?

A

The amount of blood in the ventricles at the end of systole (EDV-SV).

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14
Q

What is stroke volume?

A

The amount of blood ejected per beat of the heart.

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15
Q

What is the isovolumetric contraction phase?

A

The closure of AV valves and opening of semilunar valves.

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16
Q

What is the isovolumetric relaxation phase?

A

The closure of the semilunar valves and opening of AV valves.

17
Q

What is proper circulation dependent on?

A

Flow, pressure, and resistance to flow

18
Q

List the characteristics of the pulmonary circuit.

A
  • Low Resistance
  • High Compliance
  • Low Pressure
19
Q

List the characteristics of the arterial systemic circuit.

A
  • High Resistance
  • High Pressure
  • Low Compliance
20
Q

List the characteristics of the venous systemic circuit.

A
  • Low Resistance
  • Low Pressure
  • High Compliance
21
Q

What do the endothelial cells do?

A

Secrete nitric oxide which dilates the blood vessels.

22
Q

What is another function of the endothelial cells?

A

Acetylcholine influence which becomes a dilator when the endothelial cells are healthy but a constrictor when there is dysfunction.

23
Q

What is the average pressure of the pulmonary circuit?

A

24/8

24
Q

What is the pressure of the pulmonary circuit influenced by?

A
  • Autonomic Influence
  • Valve Health
  • Filling ability of the right side of the heart
25
Q

What is the average pressure of the systemic circuit?

A

120/80

26
Q

What is afterload?

A

The pressure difference between arterial pressure (resistance to flow) and amount of force left ventricle can produce. Afterload is inversely related to stroke volume.

27
Q

What is intima?

A

The endothelial layer.

28
Q

What is media?

A

The strength and contractile smooth muscle component.

29
Q

What is adventitia?

A

The connective sheath that houses the media and intima.

30
Q

What is echocardiography?

A

It is cardiac ultrasounds that asses the health of the valves and chambers and can help identify underlying reasons for cardiac diseases.

31
Q

What is cardiac angiography?

A

It is a cardiac X-ray that assesses the health/presence of atherosclerosis in coronary arteries and often involves contrast dye.

32
Q

What is radionuclide ventriculography?

A

It assesses the ventricular functioning and hemodynamics to analyze left ventricular ejection fraction, stroke volume, EDV, and ESV.

33
Q

What is position emission tomography?

A

It is used to detect CAD and damage due to heart attack. It may also determine the best course of treatment for angioplasty/stenting and CABG.

34
Q

What is computed tomography angiography?

A

It is a CT scan with dye contras that creates pictures of blood vessels in many areas of the body and can detect things such as CAD, PAD, aneurysms, and blockages.

35
Q

What is Magnetic Resonance Imaging?

A

It assesses the structure and function of the cardiac muscle and can help diagnose and asses CHF, damage due to heart attack, fibrous/non-compliance, cardiomyopathy, and cardiac tumors.

Cardiac Rehab (1 decks)

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