Cardiac Structure and Anatomy Flashcards
What is located in the right side of the heart?
- Right Atrium
- Right Ventricle
- Tricuspid Valve
- Pulmonary Semilunar Valve
What is located in the left side of the heart?
- Left Atrium
- Left Ventricle
- Bicuspid (Mitral) Valve
- Aortic Semilunar Valve
What is stenosis?
Narrowing of canal or pathway.
What is regurgitation?
Incomplete closure of valve flaps.
List some of the anatomical structures of the heart.
- Annulus Fibrous
- Endocardium
- Epicardium
- Pericardium
- Pericardial Fluid
Describe the flow of blood.
Superior/Inferior vena cava –> Right Atrium –> Right Ventricle –> Pulmonary Circuit –> Left Atrium –> Left Ventricle –> Systemic Circuit –>
How do you calculate Mean Arterial Pressure (MAP)?
Diastolic + 1/3 (Systolic - Diastolic)
List the components of pressure.
- Valves open and close to allow blood to flow based on pressure build-up
- Filling of a chamber pressurizes the chamber
-There is a pressure gradient through the systemic circuit
What is the typical aortic pressure?
70 -100 mmHg
What is the typical pressure in the right atrium?
5 - 8 mmHg
What causes resistance to flow?
- Vessel diameter
- Viscosity of fluid
- Length of vessel/circuit
What is end-diastolic volume?
Amount of blood in the ventricles at the end of ventricular diastole.
What is end-systolic volume?
The amount of blood in the ventricles at the end of systole (EDV-SV).
What is stroke volume?
The amount of blood ejected per beat of the heart.
What is the isovolumetric contraction phase?
The closure of AV valves and opening of semilunar valves.
What is the isovolumetric relaxation phase?
The closure of the semilunar valves and opening of AV valves.
What is proper circulation dependent on?
Flow, pressure, and resistance to flow
List the characteristics of the pulmonary circuit.
- Low Resistance
- High Compliance
- Low Pressure
List the characteristics of the arterial systemic circuit.
- High Resistance
- High Pressure
- Low Compliance
List the characteristics of the venous systemic circuit.
- Low Resistance
- Low Pressure
- High Compliance
What do the endothelial cells do?
Secrete nitric oxide which dilates the blood vessels.
What is another function of the endothelial cells?
Acetylcholine influence which becomes a dilator when the endothelial cells are healthy but a constrictor when there is dysfunction.
What is the average pressure of the pulmonary circuit?
24/8
What is the pressure of the pulmonary circuit influenced by?
- Autonomic Influence
- Valve Health
- Filling ability of the right side of the heart
What is the average pressure of the systemic circuit?
120/80
What is afterload?
The pressure difference between arterial pressure (resistance to flow) and amount of force left ventricle can produce. Afterload is inversely related to stroke volume.
What is intima?
The endothelial layer.
What is media?
The strength and contractile smooth muscle component.
What is adventitia?
The connective sheath that houses the media and intima.
What is echocardiography?
It is cardiac ultrasounds that asses the health of the valves and chambers and can help identify underlying reasons for cardiac diseases.
What is cardiac angiography?
It is a cardiac X-ray that assesses the health/presence of atherosclerosis in coronary arteries and often involves contrast dye.
What is radionuclide ventriculography?
It assesses the ventricular functioning and hemodynamics to analyze left ventricular ejection fraction, stroke volume, EDV, and ESV.
What is position emission tomography?
It is used to detect CAD and damage due to heart attack. It may also determine the best course of treatment for angioplasty/stenting and CABG.
What is computed tomography angiography?
It is a CT scan with dye contras that creates pictures of blood vessels in many areas of the body and can detect things such as CAD, PAD, aneurysms, and blockages.
What is Magnetic Resonance Imaging?
It assesses the structure and function of the cardiac muscle and can help diagnose and asses CHF, damage due to heart attack, fibrous/non-compliance, cardiomyopathy, and cardiac tumors.
