Cardiac Specific

Question 1

HR

Answer 1

Normal: 60-100bpm Abnormal: <60bpm/>100bpm

Question 2

PaCO2

Answer 2

Normal: 35-45mmHg Abnormal: 45-65mmHg >65mmHg

Question 3

PaO2

Answer 3

Normal: 80-100mmHg Abnormal: 60-80mmHg/<60mmHg

Question 4

Blood pH

Answer 4

Normal: 7.35-7.45 Abnormal: <7.25 acidosis

Question 5

CO

Answer 5

5L

Question 6

SVO2

Answer 6

60-80% Abnormal: <40%

Question 7

FiO2

Answer 7

n=fraction of inspired air @ sea level ~21%

Question 8

SBP

Answer 8

Normal: 120mmHg Abnormal: >200mmHg <90mmHg…Orthostatic BP drop >20mmHg

Question 9

DBP

Answer 9

Normal: 80mmHg Abnormal: >110mmHg

Question 10

Hemoglobin

Answer 10

Male: 14-17g/dL Female: 12-16 g/dL Abnormal: <7g/dL avoid exercise

Question 11

Cardiac Output

Answer 11

Cardiac Output (CO) = amount of blood pumped throughout the body per minute (mL/min) • CO = HR x SV • SV = amount of blood pumped out per ventricular contraction Examples • CHF/ left ventricular dysfunction = increased HR • Bradycardia

Question 12

Blood Pressure Categories (5 of them)

Answer 12

• Systolic BP: Pressure on the artery walls when

ventricles contract

• Diastolic BP: Pressure on artery walls when ventricles

are relaxed

• Changes in BP
• Peripheral artery diameter
• Blood volume
• Force of contraction

Question 13

VO2

Question 14

Respiration Rate

Answer 14

10-15 breaths per minute

Question 15

Tidal Volume

Answer 15

0.5L (350ml-500ml) of air with each breath

Question 16

Minute Ventilation

Answer 16

MV=RRxTV
At rest: 5L/min
Exercise: 70-125 L/min

Question 17

Total Lung Capacity

Answer 17

5-6L

Maximum amount of air that can be inside the lungs at one time before POP

Question 18

Residual Volume

Answer 18

1.1 L

• Amount of air that remains in the

lungs no matter what, can’t touch

this

• Can increase over time with

disease, air trapping.

Question 19

Vital Capacity

Answer 19

• Vital (Voluntary) Capacity (3.5 – 4.5 L)
• Maximum amount of air that you

can actually move in and out of the

lungs

• BREATHE ALL THE WAY OUT
• BREATHE IN RIGHT NOW!
• BREATHE ALL THE WAY OUT!

Question 20

Functional Residual Capacity

Answer 20

1.8 L

• Expiratory Reserve Volume + Residual Volume

Question 21

Expiratory Reserve Volume

Answer 21

~0.7L

• Maximum amount of air that you

can breath out after a normal

exhalation

Question 22

Inspiratory Reserve Volume

Answer 22

1.9 L. Maximum amount of air that you can breath in after a normal inhalation

Question 23

What is Ejection Fraction?

Answer 23

Normal is 55-70%.

The amount of blood ejected out of heart/amount of blood during filling.

e.g. 60 gal ejected/100 gal filled

Question 24

What does a low EF mean?

Answer 24

The heart is not able to eject a large amount of blood out of the chamber compared to the amount being filled. So the left side of the heart keeps working hard to keep up with the demand. Leads to left sided hypertrophy. This is called SYSTOLIC HF.

Question 25

What is diastolic HF?

Answer 25

When the relaxed blood vessel cannot hold a large amount of blood during relaxation. This leads to a “fake” healthy EF, because the denominator is much lower. For instance, 60/80gal vs. 60/100gal.

Question 26

Values/definition of R sided HF and systolic/diastolic HF

Answer 26

Systolic HF- EF must be below 55%. Usually prolonged HTN, plaque build up.

Diastolic HF- WNL (55-70%). Older people with a stiff heart.

Question 27

LDL/HDL/TG

Answer 27

<100/60 or higher/<150