Cardiac/Pulmonary

Question 1

Pulmonary pathogens that enter through the aerogenous have ___________ distribution

Answer 1

cranioventral

Question 2

What type of respiratory failure is a result of pulmonary interstitial edema and interstitial pneumonia

Answer 2

intrapulmonary restrictive respiratory failure

Question 3

Restrictive respiratory failure

Answer 3

respiratory failure due to anything that takes up space within the thorax like pleural effusion, pneumothorax, or masses

Question 4

Obstructive respiratory failure

Answer 4

respiratory failure as a result of reduced ventilation of the lungs due to obstruction of the movement of air in the airways of alveoli
like exudative pneumonia, pulmonary edema, or bronchitis

Question 5

What is the most important defense mechanism of the lower airway

Answer 5

alveolar macrophages

Question 6

What does a cranioventral lung lesion tell you

Answer 6

bronchopneumonia- injurious agent arrived via the airways

Question 7

What does a diffuse lung lesion tell you

Answer 7

interstitial pneumonia the injurious agent arrive hematogenously pulmonary edema is diffuse

Question 8

What does a multifocal lung lesion tell you

Answer 8

it is most often elbolic via bloodstream

Question 9

What lung distribution does parasitic pneumonia caused by lungworm have

Answer 9

Dorsocaudal (multifocal pattern within)

Question 10

What kind of respiratory failure occurs when there is chylous effusion in the pleural space

Answer 10

Extrapulmonary restrictive respiratory failure

Question 11

What inflammatory exudate is indicative of the most severe acute lung injury?

Answer 11

Fibrinous Bronchopneumonia

Question 12

Bronchiolitis fibrosa obliterans

Answer 12

adverse outcome of fibrinous pneumonia where there is fibrin exudation and necrosis of the airway epithelium and basement membrane

granulation tissue replaces fibrinous exudate and matures to fibrous connective tissie with epitheliazed
Produces a permanent intraluminal mass which impedes ventilation and clearance

Question 13

fibrous airways polyps sequel to fibrinous and ulcerative bronchiolitis

Answer 13

Bronchiolotis fibrosa obliterans

Question 14

expansion of the alveolar walls by exudate

Answer 14

Interstitial pneumonia (epithelial damage- aerogenous) or endothelial- hematogenous)

Question 15

Ventricular dilation increases sarcomere length which enhances contractility

Answer 15

Frank-Starling Relationship

Question 16

Horse. Fibrinous pleuritis. The tan material adherent to the pleura can be torn, but not down to the pleural surface.
Do you think this an acute or more chronic change, eg. 2 days or 10?

Answer 16

chronic, fibrin is being organized by granulation tissue

Question 17

How might you get concentric hypertrophy

Answer 17

thickening of the muscle due to increased pressure (afterload)

Question 18

How might you get eccentric hypertrophy

Answer 18

dilation from increase volume (preload)

Question 19

What is a likely cause of eccentric right ventricular hypertrophy

Answer 19

eccentric hypertrophy is caused by increase in volume (preload)
-Right AV valve endocardiosis being a cause

Question 20

What would result from a chronic pressure overload (increased afterload)

Answer 20

myocardial hypertrophy leading to concentric hypertrophy

Question 21

What would result from chronic volume overload (increase preload)

Answer 21

combined ventricular dilation and hypertrophy
leading to eccentric hypertrophy

Question 22

In patients with patent ductus arteriosus presenting with cyanosis, what is the most predominant direction of blood shunt in the heart

Answer 22

Pulmonary artery to the aorta

Question 23

What is ventricular hypertrophy without dilation, seen in Maine Coons, Ragdolls, and DSH

Answer 23

idiopathic primary hypertrophic cardiomyopathy

Question 23

What is the main consequence of aortic valve stenosis

Answer 23

hypertrophy of the left ventricle due to pressure overload

Question 24

What happens when Type I alveolar cells are damaged

Answer 24

they are replaced with hyperplastic Type II cells good for regeneration but not gas exchange

Question 25

What species rely on pulomary intravascular macrophages to phagocytose blood borne pathgoens

Answer 25

ruminants, cats, pigs, and horses

Question 26

What causes IBR

Answer 26

an alpha-herpes virus (BHV1) leads to necrotic rhinitis/tracheitis "RedNose" and causes fibrinonecrotic laryngotracheitis

Question 27

Waht does malignant catarrhalf fever result in

Answer 27

corneal edema, oral, cornary udder and perineal ulcers profuse mucopurulent nasal/ocular discharge kratoconjunctivities with corneal opacity

Question 28

What is the cause of atrophic rhinitis

Answer 28

when Bordetella bronchiseptica and Pasteurella multocida type D team up to stimulate osteoclasts, inhibit osteoblasts for the degeneration and remodeling of nasal tubinates

Question 29

What are the 4 results of Brachycephalic Airway Syndrome

Answer 29

Stenotic Nares Elongated Soft Palate Everted laryngeal saccules and laryngeal edema Hyoplastic trachea

Question 30

Palatoschisis

Answer 30

cleft palate, development abnormality

Question 31

What lung lesion distribution does bovine shipping fever have

Answer 31

Cranioventral distribution- bronchopneumonia- arrived via the airways

Question 32

What lung lesion distribution does distemper virus have

Answer 32

interstitial pneumonia- diffuse

Question 33

What results from a pasture righ in L-tryptophan

Answer 33

It is converted to 3-methylindole in the rumen and enters circulation where it is metabolized by the Clara cells into a toxic intermediate causing dmage to the pneumocytes and endothelium causing necrosis and acute edema and emphysema

Question 34

What are 3 sources of embolic pneumonia

Answer 34

1) Hepatic abscesses 2) infected jugular thrombus 3) Vavular endocarditis

Question 35

4 causes of pulmonary hypertension

Answer 35

1) Cardiac disease: Left heart failure, left to right shunts 2) Lung disease: hypoxia from high disease, pulmonary fibrosis 3) Thromboembolism: obstruction of pulomnary arteries 4) Hypervolemia: overhydration from IV fluids

Question 36

What are the 3 causes of obstructive respiratory failure

Answer 36

Obstruction of movement of air in the airways or alveoli 1) Exudative pneumonia where exudate fills alveoli- common with bronchopneumonia 2) Pulmonary edema where edema in alveoli 3) Bronchitis or brocnhiolitis (exudates, mucous, and hyperplastic epithelium that obstruct the airway) ex: COPD/Heaves

Question 37

disease in horses where there is chronic diffuse bronchiolitis, likely allergic cough, tachypnea, expiratory dyspnea, excerise intolerance, weight line, hypertrophy of abodminal muscles from increased resistance of expiration

Question 38

in cats, where can primary lung tumors metastasize to?

Answer 38

the digits

Question 39

What tumors commonly spread to the lungs?

Answer 39

-Hemangiosarcomas, fubrosarcoma, osteosarcoma, mammary tumors

Question 40

a syndrome that occus secondary to many other disease conditions like sepsis, burns, pancreatitis, major trauma/surgery, aspiration, drugs, and inhaled toxins Edema is caused by pulmonary macrophage activitation leading to cytokine release and damage to endothelium by neutrophils

Answer 40

Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome

Question 41

failure of the valves to seal or close completely

Answer 41

insufficiency

Question 42

narrowing, failure of the valve to completely open

Answer 42

stenosis

Question 43

What effect would AV valve stenosis have

Answer 43

decrease ventricular preload, increased atrial afterload

Question 44

What effect would semilunar stenosis have

Answer 44

increased ventricular afterload leading to concentric hypertrophy

Question 45

What does a dilated ventricular lumen accompanied by a normal to thin ventricular wall reflect

Answer 45

increased preload of the heart if not inciting cause = dilated cardiomyopathy

Question 46

What is increase in ventricular wall thickness/mass indicative of

Answer 46

increased after load due to a stenotic valve

Question 47

3 responses to reduced cardiac output

Answer 47

1) Renin-Angiotensis Aldosterone System activation to increase blood volume and peripheral resistance increase -aterial constriction 2) Increased sympathetic tone for vasoconstrictions, increase HR, stronger contractions 3) Cardiac Hypertrophy

Question 48

What does Left AV or aortic valvular insufficiency result in?

Answer 48

Pulmonary edema

Question 49

What does Right AV insufficiency, Pulmonic stenosis, or pulmonary hypertension result in?

Answer 49

Peripheral-dependent edema:submandibular edema, brisket edema, ascites, hydrothorax, hydropericardium

Question 50

right heart failure secondary to pulmonary disease due to chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (Chronic hypoxia, severe chronic pneumonia, heaves), Dilofilariasis, Pulmonary thromboembolism

Answer 50

Cor Pulmonale

Question 51

Left sided CHF causes

Answer 51

congestion in the lungs leading to edema fluid

Question 52

Right sided CHF causes

Answer 52

congestion in systemic circulation, commonly liver, leading to edema fluid

Question 53

T/F Endocardiosis is febrile

Answer 53

F- vegetative valvular endocarditis is febrile

Question 54

congenital heart failure where all four chambers are enlarged thin flabby muscle Dobermann Pinschers

Answer 54

Dilated cardiomyopathy (primary)

Question 55

failure of ductus arteriosus to close after inspiration of oxygen at birth connection between pulmonary artery and aorta

Answer 55

Patent ductus arteriosis

Question 56

PDA results in a connection between what two structures

Answer 56

pulmonary artery and aorta

Question 57

How can a dog with a PDA have no cyanosis

Answer 57

there is a small opening where the systemic vascular resistance is greater than the pulmonary resistance. Blood does not go from pulmonary artery to the aorta (left to right shunt)

Question 58

How can a dog with a PDA have cyanosis

Answer 58

there is right to left shunt because pulomary vascular resistance elevates in response to arterial hypertension pulmonary resistance becomes equal to or greater than systemic resistance

Question 59

What shunts result in cyanosis

Answer 59

right to left shunts 1) PDA (large opening) 2) Ventricular septal defects *right to left) 3) Tetralogy of Fallot 4) Transpostion of the great arteries

Question 60

ligamentum arteriosum forms band over esophagus causing megaesophagus

Answer 60

persistent R aortic arch