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BOD 2 > Cardiac/Pulmonary > Flashcards

Cardiac/Pulmonary Flashcards

1
Q

Pulmonary pathogens that enter through the aerogenous have ___________ distribution

A

cranioventral

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2
Q

What type of respiratory failure is a result of pulmonary interstitial edema and interstitial pneumonia

A

intrapulmonary restrictive respiratory failure

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3
Q

Restrictive respiratory failure

A

respiratory failure due to anything that takes up space within the thorax like pleural effusion, pneumothorax, or masses

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4
Q

Obstructive respiratory failure

A

respiratory failure as a result of reduced ventilation of the lungs due to obstruction of the movement of air in the airways of alveoli
like exudative pneumonia, pulmonary edema, or bronchitis

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5
Q

What is the most important defense mechanism of the lower airway

A

alveolar macrophages

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6
Q

What does a cranioventral lung lesion tell you

A

bronchopneumonia- injurious agent arrived via the airways

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7
Q

What does a diffuse lung lesion tell you

A

interstitial pneumonia the injurious agent arrive hematogenously pulmonary edema is diffuse

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8
Q

What does a multifocal lung lesion tell you

A

it is most often elbolic via bloodstream

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9
Q

What lung distribution does parasitic pneumonia caused by lungworm have

A

Dorsocaudal (multifocal pattern within)

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10
Q

What kind of respiratory failure occurs when there is chylous effusion in the pleural space

A

Extrapulmonary restrictive respiratory failure

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11
Q

What inflammatory exudate is indicative of the most severe acute lung injury?

A

Fibrinous Bronchopneumonia

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12
Q

Bronchiolitis fibrosa obliterans

A

adverse outcome of fibrinous pneumonia where there is fibrin exudation and necrosis of the airway epithelium and basement membrane

granulation tissue replaces fibrinous exudate and matures to fibrous connective tissie with epitheliazed
Produces a permanent intraluminal mass which impedes ventilation and clearance

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13
Q

fibrous airways polyps sequel to fibrinous and ulcerative bronchiolitis

A

Bronchiolotis fibrosa obliterans

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14
Q

expansion of the alveolar walls by exudate

A

Interstitial pneumonia (epithelial damage- aerogenous) or endothelial- hematogenous)

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15
Q

Ventricular dilation increases sarcomere length which enhances contractility

A

Frank-Starling Relationship

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16
Q

Horse. Fibrinous pleuritis. The tan material adherent to the pleura can be torn, but not down to the pleural surface.
Do you think this an acute or more chronic change, eg. 2 days or 10?

A

chronic, fibrin is being organized by granulation tissue

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17
Q

How might you get concentric hypertrophy

A

thickening of the muscle due to increased pressure (afterload)

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18
Q

How might you get eccentric hypertrophy

A

dilation from increase volume (preload)

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19
Q

What is a likely cause of eccentric right ventricular hypertrophy

A

eccentric hypertrophy is caused by increase in volume (preload)
-Right AV valve endocardiosis being a cause

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20
Q

What would result from a chronic pressure overload (increased afterload)

A

myocardial hypertrophy leading to concentric hypertrophy

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21
Q

What would result from chronic volume overload (increase preload)

A

combined ventricular dilation and hypertrophy
leading to eccentric hypertrophy

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22
Q

In patients with patent ductus arteriosus presenting with cyanosis, what is the most predominant direction of blood shunt in the heart

A

Pulmonary artery to the aorta

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23
Q

What is ventricular hypertrophy without dilation, seen in Maine Coons, Ragdolls, and DSH

A

idiopathic primary hypertrophic cardiomyopathy

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23
Q

What is the main consequence of aortic valve stenosis

A

hypertrophy of the left ventricle due to pressure overload

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24
Q

What happens when Type I alveolar cells are damaged

A

they are replaced with hyperplastic Type II cells
good for regeneration but not gas exchange

25
Q

What species rely on pulomary intravascular macrophages to phagocytose blood borne pathgoens

A

ruminants, cats, pigs, and horses

26
Q

What causes IBR

A

an alpha-herpes virus (BHV1) leads to necrotic rhinitis/tracheitis “RedNose” and causes fibrinonecrotic laryngotracheitis

27
Q

Waht does malignant catarrhalf fever result in

A

corneal edema, oral, cornary udder and perineal ulcers
profuse mucopurulent nasal/ocular discharge
kratoconjunctivities with corneal opacity

28
Q

What is the cause of atrophic rhinitis

A

when Bordetella bronchiseptica and Pasteurella multocida type D team up to stimulate osteoclasts, inhibit osteoblasts for the degeneration and remodeling of nasal tubinates

29
Q

What are the 4 results of Brachycephalic Airway Syndrome

A

Stenotic Nares
Elongated Soft Palate
Everted laryngeal saccules and laryngeal edema
Hyoplastic trachea

30
Q

Palatoschisis

A

cleft palate, development abnormality

31
Q

What lung lesion distribution does bovine shipping fever have

A

Cranioventral distribution- bronchopneumonia- arrived via the airways

32
Q

What lung lesion distribution does distemper virus have

A

interstitial pneumonia- diffuse

33
Q

What results from a pasture righ in L-tryptophan

A

It is converted to 3-methylindole in the rumen and enters circulation where it is metabolized by the Clara cells into a toxic intermediate causing dmage to the pneumocytes and endothelium causing necrosis and acute edema and emphysema

34
Q

What are 3 sources of embolic pneumonia

A

1) Hepatic abscesses
2) infected jugular thrombus
3) Vavular endocarditis

35
Q

4 causes of pulmonary hypertension

A

1) Cardiac disease: Left heart failure, left to right shunts
2) Lung disease: hypoxia from high disease, pulmonary fibrosis
3) Thromboembolism: obstruction of pulomnary arteries
4) Hypervolemia: overhydration from IV fluids

36
Q

What are the 3 causes of obstructive respiratory failure

A

Obstruction of movement of air in the airways or alveoli
1) Exudative pneumonia where exudate fills alveoli- common with bronchopneumonia
2) Pulmonary edema where edema in alveoli
3) Bronchitis or brocnhiolitis (exudates, mucous, and hyperplastic epithelium that obstruct the airway) ex: COPD/Heaves

37
Q

disease in horses where there is chronic diffuse bronchiolitis, likely allergic
cough, tachypnea, expiratory dyspnea, excerise intolerance, weight line, hypertrophy of abodminal muscles from increased resistance of expiration

A
38
Q

in cats, where can primary lung tumors metastasize to?

A

the digits

39
Q

What tumors commonly spread to the lungs?

A

-Hemangiosarcomas, fubrosarcoma, osteosarcoma, mammary tumors

40
Q

a syndrome that occus secondary to many other disease conditions like sepsis, burns, pancreatitis, major trauma/surgery, aspiration, drugs, and inhaled toxins
Edema is caused by pulmonary macrophage activitation leading to cytokine release and damage to endothelium by neutrophils

A

Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome

41
Q

failure of the valves to seal or close completely

A

insufficiency

42
Q

narrowing, failure of the valve to completely open

A

stenosis

43
Q

What effect would AV valve stenosis have

A

decrease ventricular preload, increased atrial afterload

44
Q

What effect would semilunar stenosis have

A

increased ventricular afterload leading to concentric hypertrophy

45
Q

What does a dilated ventricular lumen accompanied by a normal to thin ventricular wall reflect

A

increased preload of the heart
if not inciting cause = dilated cardiomyopathy

46
Q

What is increase in ventricular wall thickness/mass indicative of

A

increased after load due to a stenotic valve

47
Q

3 responses to reduced cardiac output

A

1) Renin-Angiotensis Aldosterone System activation to increase blood volume and peripheral resistance increase -aterial constriction
2) Increased sympathetic tone for vasoconstrictions, increase HR, stronger contractions
3) Cardiac Hypertrophy

48
Q

What does Left AV or aortic valvular insufficiency result in?

A

Pulmonary edema

49
Q

What does Right AV insufficiency, Pulmonic stenosis, or pulmonary hypertension result in?

A

Peripheral-dependent edema:submandibular edema, brisket edema, ascites, hydrothorax, hydropericardium

50
Q

right heart failure secondary to pulmonary disease due to chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (Chronic hypoxia, severe chronic pneumonia, heaves), Dilofilariasis, Pulmonary thromboembolism

A

Cor Pulmonale

51
Q

Left sided CHF causes

A

congestion in the lungs leading to edema fluid

52
Q

Right sided CHF causes

A

congestion in systemic circulation, commonly liver, leading to edema fluid

53
Q

T/F Endocardiosis is febrile

A

F- vegetative valvular endocarditis is febrile

54
Q

congenital heart failure where all four chambers are enlarged
thin flabby muscle
Dobermann Pinschers

A

Dilated cardiomyopathy (primary)

55
Q

failure of ductus arteriosus to close after inspiration of oxygen at birth
connection between pulmonary artery and aorta

A

Patent ductus arteriosis

56
Q

PDA results in a connection between what two structures

A

pulmonary artery and aorta

57
Q

How can a dog with a PDA have no cyanosis

A

there is a small opening where the systemic vascular resistance is greater than the pulmonary resistance. Blood does not go from pulmonary artery to the aorta (left to right shunt)

58
Q

How can a dog with a PDA have cyanosis

A

there is right to left shunt because pulomary vascular resistance elevates in response to arterial hypertension
pulmonary resistance becomes equal to or greater than systemic resistance

59
Q

What shunts result in cyanosis

A

right to left shunts
1) PDA (large opening)
2) Ventricular septal defects *right to left)
3) Tetralogy of Fallot
4) Transpostion of the great arteries

60
Q

ligamentum arteriosum forms band over esophagus causing megaesophagus

A

persistent R aortic arch

61
Q
A

BOD 2 (5 decks)

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