Cardiac/Pulmonary Flashcards
Pulmonary pathogens that enter through the aerogenous have ___________ distribution
cranioventral
What type of respiratory failure is a result of pulmonary interstitial edema and interstitial pneumonia
intrapulmonary restrictive respiratory failure
Restrictive respiratory failure
respiratory failure due to anything that takes up space within the thorax like pleural effusion, pneumothorax, or masses
Obstructive respiratory failure
respiratory failure as a result of reduced ventilation of the lungs due to obstruction of the movement of air in the airways of alveoli
like exudative pneumonia, pulmonary edema, or bronchitis
What is the most important defense mechanism of the lower airway
alveolar macrophages
What does a cranioventral lung lesion tell you
bronchopneumonia- injurious agent arrived via the airways
What does a diffuse lung lesion tell you
interstitial pneumonia the injurious agent arrive hematogenously pulmonary edema is diffuse
What does a multifocal lung lesion tell you
it is most often elbolic via bloodstream
What lung distribution does parasitic pneumonia caused by lungworm have
Dorsocaudal (multifocal pattern within)
What kind of respiratory failure occurs when there is chylous effusion in the pleural space
Extrapulmonary restrictive respiratory failure
What inflammatory exudate is indicative of the most severe acute lung injury?
Fibrinous Bronchopneumonia
Bronchiolitis fibrosa obliterans
adverse outcome of fibrinous pneumonia where there is fibrin exudation and necrosis of the airway epithelium and basement membrane
granulation tissue replaces fibrinous exudate and matures to fibrous connective tissie with epitheliazed
Produces a permanent intraluminal mass which impedes ventilation and clearance
fibrous airways polyps sequel to fibrinous and ulcerative bronchiolitis
Bronchiolotis fibrosa obliterans
expansion of the alveolar walls by exudate
Interstitial pneumonia (epithelial damage- aerogenous) or endothelial- hematogenous)
Ventricular dilation increases sarcomere length which enhances contractility
Frank-Starling Relationship
Horse. Fibrinous pleuritis. The tan material adherent to the pleura can be torn, but not down to the pleural surface.
Do you think this an acute or more chronic change, eg. 2 days or 10?
chronic, fibrin is being organized by granulation tissue
How might you get concentric hypertrophy
thickening of the muscle due to increased pressure (afterload)
How might you get eccentric hypertrophy
dilation from increase volume (preload)
What is a likely cause of eccentric right ventricular hypertrophy
eccentric hypertrophy is caused by increase in volume (preload)
-Right AV valve endocardiosis being a cause
What would result from a chronic pressure overload (increased afterload)
myocardial hypertrophy leading to concentric hypertrophy
What would result from chronic volume overload (increase preload)
combined ventricular dilation and hypertrophy
leading to eccentric hypertrophy
In patients with patent ductus arteriosus presenting with cyanosis, what is the most predominant direction of blood shunt in the heart
Pulmonary artery to the aorta
What is ventricular hypertrophy without dilation, seen in Maine Coons, Ragdolls, and DSH
idiopathic primary hypertrophic cardiomyopathy
What is the main consequence of aortic valve stenosis
hypertrophy of the left ventricle due to pressure overload
What happens when Type I alveolar cells are damaged
they are replaced with hyperplastic Type II cells
good for regeneration but not gas exchange
What species rely on pulomary intravascular macrophages to phagocytose blood borne pathgoens
ruminants, cats, pigs, and horses
What causes IBR
an alpha-herpes virus (BHV1) leads to necrotic rhinitis/tracheitis “RedNose” and causes fibrinonecrotic laryngotracheitis
Waht does malignant catarrhalf fever result in
corneal edema, oral, cornary udder and perineal ulcers
profuse mucopurulent nasal/ocular discharge
kratoconjunctivities with corneal opacity
What is the cause of atrophic rhinitis
when Bordetella bronchiseptica and Pasteurella multocida type D team up to stimulate osteoclasts, inhibit osteoblasts for the degeneration and remodeling of nasal tubinates
What are the 4 results of Brachycephalic Airway Syndrome
Stenotic Nares
Elongated Soft Palate
Everted laryngeal saccules and laryngeal edema
Hyoplastic trachea
Palatoschisis
cleft palate, development abnormality
What lung lesion distribution does bovine shipping fever have
Cranioventral distribution- bronchopneumonia- arrived via the airways
What lung lesion distribution does distemper virus have
interstitial pneumonia- diffuse
What results from a pasture righ in L-tryptophan
It is converted to 3-methylindole in the rumen and enters circulation where it is metabolized by the Clara cells into a toxic intermediate causing dmage to the pneumocytes and endothelium causing necrosis and acute edema and emphysema
What are 3 sources of embolic pneumonia
1) Hepatic abscesses
2) infected jugular thrombus
3) Vavular endocarditis
4 causes of pulmonary hypertension
1) Cardiac disease: Left heart failure, left to right shunts
2) Lung disease: hypoxia from high disease, pulmonary fibrosis
3) Thromboembolism: obstruction of pulomnary arteries
4) Hypervolemia: overhydration from IV fluids
What are the 3 causes of obstructive respiratory failure
Obstruction of movement of air in the airways or alveoli
1) Exudative pneumonia where exudate fills alveoli- common with bronchopneumonia
2) Pulmonary edema where edema in alveoli
3) Bronchitis or brocnhiolitis (exudates, mucous, and hyperplastic epithelium that obstruct the airway) ex: COPD/Heaves
disease in horses where there is chronic diffuse bronchiolitis, likely allergic
cough, tachypnea, expiratory dyspnea, excerise intolerance, weight line, hypertrophy of abodminal muscles from increased resistance of expiration
in cats, where can primary lung tumors metastasize to?
the digits
What tumors commonly spread to the lungs?
-Hemangiosarcomas, fubrosarcoma, osteosarcoma, mammary tumors
a syndrome that occus secondary to many other disease conditions like sepsis, burns, pancreatitis, major trauma/surgery, aspiration, drugs, and inhaled toxins
Edema is caused by pulmonary macrophage activitation leading to cytokine release and damage to endothelium by neutrophils
Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome
failure of the valves to seal or close completely
insufficiency
narrowing, failure of the valve to completely open
stenosis
What effect would AV valve stenosis have
decrease ventricular preload, increased atrial afterload
What effect would semilunar stenosis have
increased ventricular afterload leading to concentric hypertrophy
What does a dilated ventricular lumen accompanied by a normal to thin ventricular wall reflect
increased preload of the heart
if not inciting cause = dilated cardiomyopathy
What is increase in ventricular wall thickness/mass indicative of
increased after load due to a stenotic valve
3 responses to reduced cardiac output
1) Renin-Angiotensis Aldosterone System activation to increase blood volume and peripheral resistance increase -aterial constriction
2) Increased sympathetic tone for vasoconstrictions, increase HR, stronger contractions
3) Cardiac Hypertrophy
What does Left AV or aortic valvular insufficiency result in?
Pulmonary edema
What does Right AV insufficiency, Pulmonic stenosis, or pulmonary hypertension result in?
Peripheral-dependent edema:submandibular edema, brisket edema, ascites, hydrothorax, hydropericardium
right heart failure secondary to pulmonary disease due to chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (Chronic hypoxia, severe chronic pneumonia, heaves), Dilofilariasis, Pulmonary thromboembolism
Cor Pulmonale
Left sided CHF causes
congestion in the lungs leading to edema fluid
Right sided CHF causes
congestion in systemic circulation, commonly liver, leading to edema fluid
T/F Endocardiosis is febrile
F- vegetative valvular endocarditis is febrile
congenital heart failure where all four chambers are enlarged
thin flabby muscle
Dobermann Pinschers
Dilated cardiomyopathy (primary)
failure of ductus arteriosus to close after inspiration of oxygen at birth
connection between pulmonary artery and aorta
Patent ductus arteriosis
PDA results in a connection between what two structures
pulmonary artery and aorta
How can a dog with a PDA have no cyanosis
there is a small opening where the systemic vascular resistance is greater than the pulmonary resistance. Blood does not go from pulmonary artery to the aorta (left to right shunt)
How can a dog with a PDA have cyanosis
there is right to left shunt because pulomary vascular resistance elevates in response to arterial hypertension
pulmonary resistance becomes equal to or greater than systemic resistance
What shunts result in cyanosis
right to left shunts
1) PDA (large opening)
2) Ventricular septal defects *right to left)
3) Tetralogy of Fallot
4) Transpostion of the great arteries
ligamentum arteriosum forms band over esophagus causing megaesophagus
persistent R aortic arch
