CARDIAC PATHOPHYSIOLOGY Flashcards
what type of edema you may see in CHF
May see PULMONARY &/or SYSTEMIC EDEMA
a highly cardiac specific enzyme that is released into the blood during an MI
troponin
Atherosclerotic Heart Disease a.k.a.
Coronary Artery Disease
in myocardial ischemia…
Increased myocardial oxygen demand caused by?
Decreased myocardial oxygen supply caused by?
- Increased: exercise, mental stress, spontaneous fluctuations of HR or BP
- Decreased: decreased coronary blood flow (need 70% occlusion)
arteriography
- radiography of an artery, carried out after injection of a radio-opaque substance.
- preparation for surgery of peripheral artery aneuyrysm
Restrictive CM (RCM):
characteristics and causes

Type B aortic aneurysm
a aortic aneurysm anywhere but the ascending aorta
LDL:HDL ratio levels
- Provides a composite risk marker
- < or = 3:1 ratio is ↓ risk
- > or = 5:1 ratio is an ↑ risk
Pericarditis is commonly caused by
viral infection
MUSCULOSKELETAL Physiologic Consequences of CHF
- Muscle wasting & possible skeletal muscle myopathies and osteoporosis are possible due to inactivity or other co-morbidities and to vasculature’s impaired ability to vasodilate; leads to sedentary lifestyle.
- Inability in increase HR and SV
- Diastolic dysfunction is exacerbated with exercise
- EF correlates to exercise tolerance
normal LDL and HDL cholesterol levels
- Low Density Lipoprotein = <100 desirable, more than 190 very high
- High (healthy) Density Lipoprotein = >60 optimal, less than 40 low
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st wave elevation may be

transmural MI
Is there a difference between Coronary Heart Disease and Coronary Artery Disease?
- Terms used interchangeably
- CHD is actually caused by CAD
Surgical management of CHF

Transmural MI
- full thickness
- Q wave MI
Ventricular Remodeling in diastolic heart failure
hypertrophied heart

MI Classification:
(types of MI)
- Subendocardial = partial thickness = NSTEMI = Non-Qwave MI
- Transmural = full thickness = STEMI = Q wave MI
Pathogenic mechanism of plaque formation: the lipid hypothesis:
increased LDL in blood penetrates arterial wall → lipids accumulate in smooth muscle cells → hyperplasia of smooth muscle → endothelium tears and platelets aggregate → results in thrombus formation
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Left ventricular hypertrophy results in ___________ dysfunction (impairs filling of
ventricles)
diastolic
Rapid ventricular emptying →may see high ejection fraction
Why is HDL cholesterol considered “good” cholesterol?
HDL cholesterol protects against CHD by taking LDLs out of the blood and keeping it from building up in arteries
Types of Aneurysms:
can be classified by shape and size and described as…
- Saccular: Usually spherical in shape and involve only a portion of the vessel wall
- Fusiform (“spindle-shaped”): often involve large portions of the ascending and transverse aortic arch, abdominal aorta, or less frequently the iliac arteries
- Mycotic: caused by the growth of fungi or bacteria within the vascular wall, usually following impaction of a septic embolus
- Dissecting: Resulting from hemorrhage that causes longitudinal splitting of the arterial wall, producing a tear in the intima and establishing communication with the lumen

HR protocol post MI
20-25 bpm of baseline (resting heart rate) in the first 6-8
Is felt as pulsatile mass on one or both sides of the thigh
may be femoral artery aneurysm
total cholesterol normal levels
less than 200 = desirable
more than 240 = high














