cardiac pathology 3 Flashcards
valvular endocarditis? more common in what?
more common and domestic species then mural endocarditis (wall)
what is the endocardium? what is inflammation of the endocardium called?
it lines the cardiac chambers and is a component of the valve cusps. endocarditis.
what factors could cause endocarditis?
- valvular trauma
- vavle tissue ageing
- avascularity of valves
- valve exposure to pathogens
- pathogens
- may get spread of valve lesions to the wall in severe cases.
how do valve lesions vary between species in where they are located?
cattle - normally on right!
all others - on left
pigs - both.
valve lesions frequently originate from? common organisms?
from a septic thrombi due to chronic bacteriaemia 9infected wound eg. umbilicus/mastitis.arthritis. )
eg. streptococci (horse dog sheep)
e. coli (dog)
insufficient valves cause what type of hypettrophy and why?
eccentric due to increased preload as blood is leaking back into the atria. so increased cvolume to come through again.
what are vegetative thrombi?
gross apearnece of valvular lesions. invade and distort normal cusps. may get granulation tissue. plus fibrin, friable necrotic debris and bacteria +neutrophils.
what may be the sequelae of these vegetative thrombi?
may ruptue and cause and embolism. - right in cattle - pulmonary abscessation and embolism.
left sided - myocardial and peripheral infarct (kidney)
what is valvular stenosis?/incompetence?
narrowing of the valve. = stenosis
incompetence = inadequacy of valve to maintain efficient sealaginst backflow of blood. - leakage and regurgitation.
left stnosis in what valve? causes what kind of hyperstoprhy?
narrowing of the aortic vavle - causes increased after load and so concentric hypertrophy of the LV. same with right apart from is the pulmonary trunk (vein). left leads to pulmonary congestion due to the back up of blood.
with incompetence what kind of hypertrophy?
left - LV eccentric. systemic hpoperfusion and pulmonary congestion.
right -RV eccentirc and caval, venous congestion. (systemic.)
what is degenerative vavular disease in dogs? hwo do you grade them?
valvular endocarditis.
-myxomatous valvular disease. - changes in AV valves. (LAV = mitral) main cusps may be degraded (grading by whitmney grading system) 1-4.
smooth white discrete nodules. coalscent nodules, plaque like thickenings and cuspal distortion. more nodular = higher grade.
may get jet lesions and leakage of blood.
what is chronic valvulopathy? seen in what species?
horses. vaves distorted by fibrous lesions. changes in the AV valves. concentric hypertrophy and exercise intolerances. mainly on the left! mitral and aortic. cuspular nodulation and distortion. collagen fibres meshwork.
what is necrotising endocarditis? seen in?
dog with uraemia. necrosis of left atria. just above LAV valve.
endocardial calcification?? caused by?
calcium deposits which may spread to myocardium. left. mineral imbalances.
