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GenPath > Cardiac pathology > Flashcards

Cardiac pathology Flashcards

1
Q

Increases weight and thickness of myocardium

A

Hypertrophy

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2
Q

Increased cardiac weight or size resulting from hypertrophy and dilatation

A

Cardiomegaly

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3
Q

Approximate average weight of the heart

A

0.4% - 0.5% of body weight
Female: 250g-320g
Male: 300g-360g

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4
Q

Fibrous layer of the pericadium

A

Parietal Pericardium

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5
Q

Layer of the heart that is Made up of fibroelastic connective tissue, blood vessels, lymphatics, adipose tissue

A

Epicardium

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6
Q

Myocytes that have a spiral circumferential orientation and have a vigorous coordinated wves of contraction spreading from the cardiac apex to the base of the heart

A

Left Ventricular Myocytes

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7
Q

The luminal ide of the myocardium that is lined by endothelial cells. It contains veins, nerves, and purkinje fibers.

A

Endocardium

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8
Q

What are the layers of the cardiac valves

A

Fibrosa layer
Spiongosa layer
Ventricularis or Atriali layer

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9
Q

Cardiac valve layer that is Rich in elastin on the inflow surface providing leaflet recoil

A

Ventricularis or Atrialis layer

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10
Q

It is the Pacemaker junction of the right atrial appendage and superior vena cava

A

Sinoatrial node

SA node

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11
Q

Connecting the right atrium to the ventricular septum

A

Bundle of His (AV bundle)

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12
Q

Nutrients and oxygen are delivered via

A

Coronary Artery

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13
Q

6 principle mechanisms; for the cardiac pathophysiology

A
  1. Failure of the pump
  2. Obstruction to flow
  3. Regurgitant flow
  4. Shunted flow
  5. Disorder of cardiac conduction
  6. Rupture of the heart or blood vessel
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14
Q

Congestive heart failure is the common end point of all manifestationof dse. Affecting the heart It can be due to:

A
  1. Low blood volume
  2. Demanding extra work
  3. Damaged Cardiac muscle
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15
Q

Often referred to as Cor pulmonale

A

Right-sided heart failure

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16
Q

Manifestations of right-sided heart failure;

A

Pitting Edema
Hepatomegaly
Nutmeg Liver

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17
Q

Most often caused of left-sided heart failure

A
  1. Ischemic heart disease
  2. Hypertension
  3. Aortic and mitral valvular diseases
  4. Primary myocardial disease
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18
Q

A red blood cells engulfed by macrophages usually seen in heart failure cells of left-sided heart failure

A

Hemosiderin-laden macrophages

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19
Q

Globoid and “Swinging” heart

A

Due to (inexcess) contents in the heart

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20
Q

Triad of Pericarditis

A
  • chest pain
  • pericardial rub
  • ECG finding
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21
Q

Has an exudate composed of blood mixed with fibrinous or suppurative effusion.

Most commonly caused by spread of malignant neoplasm to the pericardial space

A

Hemorrhagic Pericarditis

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22
Q

“Bread and Butter Pericarditis”

A

TB Pericarditis

23
Q

unobstructive plaque-like thickenings

of the serosal membranes in chronic pericarditis

A

Soldiers plaque

24
Q

A chronic pericarditis with fibrosis in the form of mesh-like stringy adhesions can largely obliterate the virtual space in the pericardial.

A

Adhesive pericarditis

25
Q

Acute Pericarditis

A
  • Serous Pericarditis
  • Fibrinous pericarditis
  • Serofibrinous pericarditis
  • Suppurative/ purulent pericarditis
  • Hemorrhagic pericarditis
  • Caseous Pericarditis
26
Q

A Chronic pericarditis where in the Heart is encased in a dense, fibrous, or fibrocalcific scar.

Resemble plaster mold (concretio cordis) in extreme
cases

A

Constructive pericarditis

27
Q

Signs of Constructive Pericarditis

A
  • Distant or muffled heart sounds
  • Elevated JVP
  • Peripheral Edema
28
Q

What are the common tumors if the neoplasm is present;

A
  • Mesothelioma
  • Angiosarcoma
  • Teratoma
29
Q

The most common problem in the epicardium

A

Atherosclerosis

30
Q

An infection in the myocardium Pseudocyst(nocystwall)in the myocardium

A

Chagas disease.

31
Q

“Heart muscle disease of unknown cause”

“Disease of the myocardium associated with cardiac dysfunction”

A

Primary Cardiomyopathy

32
Q

Most common cause of sudden cardiac death among young athletes

A

Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy

33
Q

Mutations in beta myosin heavy chain and myosin binding protein C

A

Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy

34
Q

Biatrial dilatation due to increased filling pressures

Nonspecific and include myocyte hypertrophy, focal or diffuse perimyocytic fibrosis and focal myofiber disarray

The major abnormality is restriction of ventricular filling, thus an increase in filling pressures
The usual abnormality is impaired relaxation and compliance

A

Restrictive cardiomyopathy

35
Q

Fibrous replacement and fatty infiltration of outer wall

Desmosome mutation or mutations in plakoglobin (PKP 2)

Wooly hair (   since it affects the desmosomes)
Palmoplantar keratosis
A

Arrhythmogenic Cardiomyopathy ( Arrhythmogenic Right Ventricular Dysplasia)

36
Q

Primary Cardiomyopathy

A
  1. Dilated Cardiomyopathy
  2. Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy
  3. Restrictive Cardiomyopathy
  4. Arrhythmogenic cardiomyopathy
37
Q

A type of Angina Induced by atherosclerotic plaque disruption with superimposed partial thrombosis or vasospasm or both of them

A

Unstable angina/ Crescedo Angina

38
Q

Pain on exertion

Subendocardial ischemia

A

Stable Angina/ Crescendo Angina

39
Q

Pain at rest

Transmural ischemia

A

Variant Angina/ Prinzmetal Angina

40
Q

Gross and Microscopic changes in MI after 12-24hrs.

A

Mottling - More coagulation necrosis; neutrophils come in

41
Q

Whatis the first sign and symptom in Myocardial Infarction

A

1st Sign - Rapid pulsse

1st Symptom - Dspnea

42
Q

Cardiac marker that is calcium mediated contraction of cardiac & skeletal muscles; very specific

A

Troponin

43
Q

The essential feature is left ventricular hypertrophy (without dilation

Prominent nuclear enlargement with hyperchromasia (“box-
car” nuclei)

A

Systemic (Left-sided) Hypertensive heart disease

44
Q

isolated pulmonary HHD, Cor Pulmonale

Stems from right ventricular pressure overload

A

Pulmonary (Right-Sided) Hypertensive Heart Diease

45
Q

A Benign tumor most

common in children; has spider-like cells.

A

Rhabdomyoma

46
Q

A benign tumor most common in adults; gelatin- like

A

Myoxama

47
Q

Causative agent of Rheumatic Heart Disease

A

Group A Beta Hemolytic Streptococcus

48
Q

Clinical manifestations of Acute Rheumatic Fever

A
  1. Polyarthritis
  2. Carditis
  3. Erythema marginatum
  4. Chorea
  5. Subcutaneous nodules
49
Q

Manifestations of Carditis:

A 
Breathlessness
Palpitations or chest pain
Tachycardia
Cardiac enlargement
Cardiac murmur
Aortic regurgitation
Syncope
50
Q

Morphology of Rheumatic Fever

A

Aschoff bodies or Rheumatic granuloma

51
Q

Specialized histiocytes resembling epithelioid
cells which appears caterpillar like in cross
section and owl’s eye in longitudinal section seen in acute rheumatic heart disease

A

Anitschkow cells

52
Q

Fibrous bridging across the valvular commissures and calcification seen in chronic rheumatic heart disease.

A

Fishmouth”or“Buttonhole”stenoses

53
Q

Fibrinoid necrosis along the lines of closure of valves forming 1 to 2 mm vegetations (verrucae); MacCallum Plaques

A

Pancarditis - Endocardium

54
Q

Most common cause of cyanotic congenital heart disease

A

Tetralogy of fallot

Four features:
o VSD
o ObstructiontoRVoutflowtract o Overriding aorta
o RVhypertrophy

GenPath (1 decks)

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