Cardiac pathology

Question 1

Increases weight and thickness of myocardium

Answer 1

Hypertrophy

Question 2

Increased cardiac weight or size resulting from hypertrophy and dilatation

Answer 2

Cardiomegaly

Question 3

Approximate average weight of the heart

Answer 3

0.4% - 0.5% of body weight
Female: 250g-320g
Male: 300g-360g

Question 4

Fibrous layer of the pericadium

Answer 4

Parietal Pericardium

Question 5

Layer of the heart that is Made up of fibroelastic connective tissue, blood vessels, lymphatics, adipose tissue

Answer 5

Epicardium

Question 6

Myocytes that have a spiral circumferential orientation and have a vigorous coordinated wves of contraction spreading from the cardiac apex to the base of the heart

Answer 6

Left Ventricular Myocytes

Question 7

The luminal ide of the myocardium that is lined by endothelial cells. It contains veins, nerves, and purkinje fibers.

Answer 7

Endocardium

Question 8

What are the layers of the cardiac valves

Answer 8

Fibrosa layer
Spiongosa layer
Ventricularis or Atriali layer

Question 9

Cardiac valve layer that is Rich in elastin on the inflow surface providing leaflet recoil

Answer 9

Ventricularis or Atrialis layer

Question 10

It is the Pacemaker junction of the right atrial appendage and superior vena cava

Answer 10

Sinoatrial node

SA node

Question 11

Connecting the right atrium to the ventricular septum

Answer 11

Bundle of His (AV bundle)

Question 12

Nutrients and oxygen are delivered via

Answer 12

Coronary Artery

Question 13

6 principle mechanisms; for the cardiac pathophysiology

Answer 13

1. Failure of the pump
2. Obstruction to flow
3. Regurgitant flow
4. Shunted flow
5. Disorder of cardiac conduction
6. Rupture of the heart or blood vessel

Question 14

Congestive heart failure is the common end point of all manifestationof dse. Affecting the heart It can be due to:

Answer 14

1. Low blood volume
2. Demanding extra work
3. Damaged Cardiac muscle

Question 15

Often referred to as Cor pulmonale

Answer 15

Right-sided heart failure

Question 16

Manifestations of right-sided heart failure;

Answer 16

Pitting Edema
Hepatomegaly
Nutmeg Liver

Question 17

Most often caused of left-sided heart failure

Answer 17

1. Ischemic heart disease
2. Hypertension
3. Aortic and mitral valvular diseases
4. Primary myocardial disease

Question 18

A red blood cells engulfed by macrophages usually seen in heart failure cells of left-sided heart failure

Answer 18

Hemosiderin-laden macrophages

Question 19

Globoid and “Swinging” heart

Answer 19

Due to (inexcess) contents in the heart

Question 20

Triad of Pericarditis

Answer 20

• chest pain
• pericardial rub
• ECG finding

Question 21

Has an exudate composed of blood mixed with fibrinous or suppurative effusion.

Most commonly caused by spread of malignant neoplasm to the pericardial space

Answer 21

Hemorrhagic Pericarditis

Question 22

“Bread and Butter Pericarditis”

Answer 22

TB Pericarditis

Question 23

unobstructive plaque-like thickenings

of the serosal membranes in chronic pericarditis

Answer 23

Soldiers plaque

Question 24

A chronic pericarditis with fibrosis in the form of mesh-like stringy adhesions can largely obliterate the virtual space in the pericardial.

Answer 24

Adhesive pericarditis

Question 25

Acute Pericarditis

Answer 25

- Serous Pericarditis - Fibrinous pericarditis - Serofibrinous pericarditis - Suppurative/ purulent pericarditis - Hemorrhagic pericarditis - Caseous Pericarditis

Question 26

A Chronic pericarditis where in the Heart is encased in a dense, fibrous, or fibrocalcific scar. Resemble plaster mold (concretio cordis) in extreme cases

Answer 26

Constructive pericarditis

Question 27

Signs of Constructive Pericarditis

Answer 27

- Distant or muffled heart sounds - Elevated JVP - Peripheral Edema

Question 28

What are the common tumors if the neoplasm is present;

Answer 28

- Mesothelioma - Angiosarcoma - Teratoma

Question 29

The most common problem in the epicardium

Answer 29

Atherosclerosis

Question 30

An infection in the myocardium Pseudocyst(nocystwall)in the myocardium

Answer 30

Chagas disease.

Question 31

“Heart muscle disease of unknown cause” “Disease of the myocardium associated with cardiac dysfunction”

Answer 31

Primary Cardiomyopathy

Question 32

Most common cause of sudden cardiac death among young athletes

Answer 32

Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy

Question 33

Mutations in beta myosin heavy chain and myosin binding protein C

Answer 33

Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy

Question 34

Biatrial dilatation due to increased filling pressures Nonspecific and include myocyte hypertrophy, focal or diffuse perimyocytic fibrosis and focal myofiber disarray The major abnormality is restriction of ventricular filling, thus an increase in filling pressures The usual abnormality is impaired relaxation and compliance

Answer 34

Restrictive cardiomyopathy

Question 35

Fibrous replacement and fatty infiltration of outer wall Desmosome mutation or mutations in plakoglobin (PKP 2) ``` Wooly hair ( since it affects the desmosomes) Palmoplantar keratosis ```

Answer 35

Arrhythmogenic Cardiomyopathy ( Arrhythmogenic Right Ventricular Dysplasia)

Question 36

Primary Cardiomyopathy

Answer 36

1. Dilated Cardiomyopathy 2. Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy 3. Restrictive Cardiomyopathy 4. Arrhythmogenic cardiomyopathy

Question 37

A type of Angina Induced by atherosclerotic plaque disruption with superimposed partial thrombosis or vasospasm or both of them

Answer 37

Unstable angina/ Crescedo Angina

Question 38

Pain on exertion | Subendocardial ischemia

Answer 38

Stable Angina/ Crescendo Angina

Question 39

Pain at rest | Transmural ischemia

Answer 39

Variant Angina/ Prinzmetal Angina

Question 40

Gross and Microscopic changes in MI after 12-24hrs.

Answer 40

Mottling - More coagulation necrosis; neutrophils come in

Question 41

Whatis the first sign and symptom in Myocardial Infarction

Answer 41

1st Sign - Rapid pulsse | 1st Symptom - Dspnea

Question 42

Cardiac marker that is calcium mediated contraction of cardiac & skeletal muscles; very specific

Answer 42

Troponin

Question 43

The essential feature is left ventricular hypertrophy (without dilation Prominent nuclear enlargement with hyperchromasia (“box- car” nuclei)

Answer 43

Systemic (Left-sided) Hypertensive heart disease

Question 44

isolated pulmonary HHD, Cor Pulmonale Stems from right ventricular pressure overload

Answer 44

Pulmonary (Right-Sided) Hypertensive Heart Diease

Question 45

A Benign tumor most | common in children; has spider-like cells.

Answer 45

Rhabdomyoma

Question 46

A benign tumor most common in adults; gelatin- like

Answer 46

Myoxama

Question 47

Causative agent of Rheumatic Heart Disease

Answer 47

Group A Beta Hemolytic Streptococcus

Question 48

Clinical manifestations of Acute Rheumatic Fever

Answer 48

1. Polyarthritis 2. Carditis 3. Erythema marginatum 4. Chorea 5. Subcutaneous nodules

Question 49

Manifestations of Carditis:

Answer 49

``` Breathlessness Palpitations or chest pain Tachycardia Cardiac enlargement Cardiac murmur Aortic regurgitation Syncope ```

Question 50

Morphology of Rheumatic Fever

Answer 50

Aschoff bodies or Rheumatic granuloma

Question 51

Specialized histiocytes resembling epithelioid cells which appears caterpillar like in cross section and owl’s eye in longitudinal section seen in acute rheumatic heart disease

Answer 51

Anitschkow cells

Question 52

Fibrous bridging across the valvular commissures and calcification seen in chronic rheumatic heart disease.

Answer 52

Fishmouth”or“Buttonhole”stenoses

Question 53

Fibrinoid necrosis along the lines of closure of valves forming 1 to 2 mm vegetations (verrucae); MacCallum Plaques

Answer 53

Pancarditis - Endocardium

Question 54

Most common cause of cyanotic congenital heart disease

Answer 54

Tetralogy of fallot Four features: o VSD o ObstructiontoRVoutflowtract o Overriding aorta o RVhypertrophy