Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

CARDIOVASCULAR > Cardiac Output > Flashcards

Cardiac Output Flashcards

1
Q

What is cardiac output?

A

It is the volume of blood pumped out off the heart in 1 min.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What is the equation for cardiac output?

A

Cardiac output (CO) = Stroke volume (SV) x Heart rate (HR)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What it is the Stroke volume and which are its equations?

A

It is the mean of blood put out of the heart with each heart beat.
SV= CO/HR. SV= End-diastolic volume - End-systolic volume.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What is the Fick principle or Fick Equation?

A

CO= Rate of O2 consumption / Arterial O2 content - Venous O2 content.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What is the equation of Mean Arterial Pressure?

A

Mean Arterial Pressure (P) = Cardiac output (Q) x Peripheral Resistance (R). P=QxR

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What is the following equation belong?

2/3 of diastolic pressure + 1/3 of systolic pressure.

A

Mean arterial pressure.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What is the equation for pulse pressure?

A

Pulse pressure = Systolic pressure - Diastolic pressure.

Normal: 40-60

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Which are the characteristics of the cardiac output during exercise?

A

Initially: high cardiac output to high stroke volume.

Sustained exercise: cardiac output maintained due to high heart rate.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What situation cardiac output goes down?

A

Cardiac Output goes down if Heart rate is too high.

Atrial Fibrillation and Ventricular Tachycardia = decreased Cardiac Output.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What is the preload and which are the measurement of the preload?

A

It is the pressure at End-Diastolic Volume.

Atrial pressure, End-diastolic pressure, central venous pressure.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What is the afterload?

A

It is the Mean Arterial Pressure, total peripheral resistance (TPR).

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Which are the situation where preload can increase?

A

Exercise, increase blood volume ( over- transfusion, over- hydration, pregnancy)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What drugs decrease preload?

A

Venodilators:

- Nitrates (nitroglycerin).

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What drugs decrease afterload?

A

Vasodilators:

- Hydralazine.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What affects stroke volume?

A

Contractility, increasing preload (decrease Stroke volume), increasing afterload (increase stroke volume), ejection fraction.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What increase contractility and stroke volume?

A

Catecholamines.
Beta 1 receptors: increase activity in the calcium pump (sarcoplasmic reticulum). Increase calcium that increase contractility.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What decreased contractility?

A 
Beta 1 blockade.
Heart failure.
Acidosis.
Hypoxia.
Hypercapnia.
Non-Dihydropyridine CCBs.
18
Q

Which substances increase the contractility?

A

Catecholamines and positive inotropes (e.g., digoxin).

19
Q

What cases decrease Contractility?

A

Loss of myocardium, B-blockers (acutely), non-Dihydropyridine Ca2+ channel blockers, dilated cardiomyopathy.

20
Q

What is the equation for Ejection Fraction and what is the normal percentage of EF?

A

EF= SV/EDV and over 55%

21
Q

What is the relation between viscosity and resistance?

A

Increase viscosity = increase resistance.

Ex. Polycythemia, hyperproteinemic state (multiple myeloma), Hereditary spherocytosis.

22
Q

What is the pulse pressure in a patient with systolic blood pressure an 150 and mean arterial pressure an 90?

A

Pulse pressure 90

23
Q

What is the base equation for cardiac output?

A

CO = SV x Heart rate.

24
Q

What is the Fick principle?

A

CO = Rate of O2 consumption / Arterial O2 content - Venous O2 content.

25
Q

How can the myocardial oxygen demand be decreased in circumstance where the heart is ischemic?

A

Decrease afterload (B-blockers), decrease contractility (B-blockers) and heart rate (B-blockers or CCB).

26
Q

What can make the stroke volume increase for a given preload?

A

Increase contractility or Intropy:
Sympathetic stimulation, inotropic drugs (catecholamines, digoxin), increase intracellular calcium, decrease extracelular sodium.

27
Q

What factors affect stroke volume?

A

Afterload, preload, contractility.

28
Q

What is the heart ejection fraction (EF)?

A

EF = SV/EDV.

29
Q

Describe the function of sarcomere:

A

Contractile unit.

30
Q

Describe the function of intercalated disks:

A

Cell adhesion.

31
Q

Describe the function of Gap junction:

A

Electrochemical communication between myocardial fibers.

32
Q

Describe the function of Sarcoplasmic reticulum:

A

Storage and release of calcium.

33
Q

Which ion determines the magnitude of tension in a contracting myocardial cell?

A

Amount of intracellular calcium.

34
Q

Describe the effect of increased heart rate:

A

Increased contractility.

35
Q

Describe the effect of the catecholamines?

A

Increased contractility.

36
Q

Describe the effect of the Digoxin?

A

Increase contractility.

37
Q

Describe the effect of the Acetylcholine (ACh)?

A

Decreased contractility.

38
Q

What is the Frank-Starling relationship?

A

The greater the End-diastolic volume (preload), the greater is the stroke volume (SV).

39
Q

How does contractility affect cardiac output?

A

Cardiac output increases as contractility increases.

40
Q

Name the four factors that determine myocardial oxygen consumption?

A

1-Afterload.
2-Size of heart (wall tension).
3-Contractility.
4-Heart rate.

CARDIOVASCULAR (7 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions