cardiac exam review Flashcards
the contracting left atrium ejects blood through
the mitral valve into the left ventricle
during the cardiac cycle, the period of a closed aortic valve and open mitral valve is
ventricular diastole
during the cardiac cycle, the period of an open aortic valve and closed mitral valve is at this point on the pressure volume curve
point B
during the cardiac cycle, end diastolic volume is represented at this point
point 1
sequence of the conduction system of the heart
SA node
AV node
bundle of His
right and left bundle branches
Purkinje fibers
the pacemaker of the heart is determined by the
most rapidly depolarizing cells
neurological control of the heart
parasympathetic NS decreases SA node firing rate by decreasing the influx of sodium
control of heart rate
decreased blood pressured measured by baroreceptors increases sympathetic discharge
a patient is diagnosed with heart failure due to excessive afterload. you expect an increase in afterload with the following
increase total peripheral resistance
you patient has heart failure due to excessive afterload. excessive afterload leads to heart failure symptoms because
the stroke volume is decreased
considering microcirculation and Starling’s forces that determine fluid movement in capillaries, what would increase filtration
increase capillary hydrostatic pressure
elevation of the S-T segment on an electrocardiogram is associated with
myocardial ischemia
discomfort in chest or adjacent areas associated with myocardial ischemia but without myocyte necrosis is
angina pectoris
the second heart sound (S2) is associated with
aortic valve closure and the end of systole
what increases resistance to blood flow most
decreasing the diameter of the blood vessel
the AHA defines hypertension stage 2 as BP > 140/90. essential (primary) hypertension that requires medical management results from ___ and may be associated with ___
abnormalities in peripheral resistance
increase serum concentrations of angiotensin II
short of breath and GI discomfort may be considered angina equivalents in
patients with diabetes mellitus
primary determinants of myocardial oxygen demand include
inotropy
end diastolic volume
peripheral resistance
characteristics of premature ventricular contractions (PVC) include
no P waves for the PVC
aortic stenosis with systolic murmur
between S1 and S2 sounds
to best auscultate an ejection murmur resulting from aortic valve stenosis, your stethoscope should be over
2nd intercostal space, right sternal border
unstable angina
unprovoked chest pain
what is not an expected outcome after cardiac rehab
reductions in medication compliance
- what is expected: reduced inflammatory biomarkers, improvements in lipid profiles, improvement in symptoms of depression
essential primary hypertension
may lead to heart failure
- can lead to renal dysfunction, unknown cause, can lead to stroke and dementia
renin-angiotensin-aldosteron system (RAAS) activated in early heart failure as a compensatory mechanism. RAAS results in
increased vasoconstriction to maintain BP to kidneys
lab test that monitors effectiveness of anticoagulant Coumadin (Warfarin)
INR (international normalized ratio)
contraindication of starting an exercise program
unstable angina
what medications have the greatest potency
least dosage with same EC50 response
what medication has greatest efficacy
they’re all the same if they have the same percentage
a patient who has SOB after lying supine has
orthopnea
patient had coronary artery bypass graft 2 weeks ago
RPE 2-3
resistance 30-50% of 1 RM
12 reps x 1 set
chronic hypertension will lead to
ventricular hypertrophy
red flag for PT
systolic BP decreases by 20 mmHg with increasing workload
a vein has a proportionally large ___ with thinner ___ and functions as
lumen
media
capacitance vessel providing storage site for blood
decompensated heart failure
jugular venous distension
S3 heart sound
action potential of myocardial cells (myocyte, not pacemaker)
- sodium channels open, sodium flux inward
- sodium channels close
- potassium channels open
- calcium channels open and potassium still open (calcium in equals potassium out)
- calcium channels close, potassium continues out
- potassium channels close
- active transport of Na/K
action potential of myocardial cells (myocyte, not pacemaker)
- sodium channels open, sodium flux inward
- sodium channels close
- potassium channels open
- calcium channels open and potassium still open (calcium in equals potassium out)
- calcium channels close, potassium continues out
- potassium channels close
- active transport of Na/K
patient with hypertension is what curve on Starling curve
lower (curve B)
automaticity in myocardium is result of
ion leakage across myocardial cell membrane
Cipro antibiotic increases risk of
tendon rupture
