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Cardio > Cardiac diseases + valves > Flashcards

Cardiac diseases + valves Flashcards

1
Q

Mitral regurg causes

A

Functional, annular calcification, rheumatic fever, IE
Mitral valve prolapse, ruptured chordae tendinae
Cardiomyopathy, connective tissue disorders
Appetite suppressants

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2
Q

Symptoms of Mitral regurg

A

Dyspnoea
Fatigue
Palpitations
Symptoms of causative factor

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3
Q

Signs of Mitral regurg

A

AF
Displaced, hyperdynamic apex
Pansystolic murmur at apex radiating to the axilla

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4
Q

Management of mitral regurg

A 
Rate control
  B-blocker or rate limiting Ca blocker
  Add digoxin
  Then consider amiodarone
  Do not give b-blockers with verapamil
Anticoagulate
Prosthetic valve
Diuretics to improve symptoms
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5
Q

Mitral valve prolapse causes

A 
Very common
Alone
ASD, patent ductus arteriosus
Cardiomyopathy
Turner’s syndrome / Marfan’s
Osteogenesis imperfecta
WPW
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6
Q

Treatment for mitral valve prolapse

A

Beta-blockers help palpitations and chest pain

Surgery if severe

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7
Q

Causes of Mitral stenosis

A

Rheumatic fever, congenital
Mucopolysaccharidoses
Prosthetic valve
Malignant carcinoid

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8
Q

Signs of Mitral stenosis

A 
Malar flush
Tapping, non-displaced apex beat
Fatigue, palpitations
Chest pain
Systemic emboli
IE
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9
Q

Sounds of Mitral stenosis

A

Loud S1
Opening snap
Rumblish mid-diastolic murmur heard on expiration

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10
Q

Sounds of Mitral valve prolapse

A

Mid-systolic click or late systolic murmur

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11
Q

Sounds of mitral regurg

A

Pansystolic murmur at apex
Soft S1
Split S1
Loud P2

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12
Q

Sounds of aortic stenosis

A

Aortic thrill

Ejection systolic murmur

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13
Q

Sounds of Aortic sclerosis

A

Ejection systolic murmur

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14
Q

Sounds of aortic regurgitation

A

High pitched early diastolic murmur

Quincke’s sign

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15
Q

Causes of Aortic stenosis

A

Senile calcification, rheumatic heart disease

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16
Q

Causes of aortic sclerosis

A

Senile degeneration of the valve

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17
Q

Causes of acute Aortic regurg

A

IE
Ascending aortic dssection
Chest trauma

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18
Q

Causes of chronic aortic regurg

A

Congenital, connective tissue disorder
Takayasu arteritis, rheumatoid, SLE
HT

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19
Q

Sounds of tricuspid regurg

A

Pansystolic murmur

20
Q

Sounds of tricuspid stenosis

A

Open snap + early diastolic murmur at left sternal edge

21
Q

Sounds of pulmonary stenosis

A

Ejection click, ejection systolic murmur

22
Q

Sounds of pulmonary regurg

A

Decrescendo mumur in early diastole

23
Q

Causes of tricuspid regurg

A

Functional, rheumatic fever, IE

24
Q

Causes of tricuspid stenosis

A

Rheumatic fever

25
Q

Causes of pulmonary stenosis

A

Congenital

Rheumatic fever, carcinoid

26
Q

Causes of Pulmonary regurg

A

Pulmonary HT

27
Q

Symptoms and signs of Acute myocarditis

A

HF symptoms
Palpitations
Tachycardia
Soft S1

28
Q

Causes of Acute myocarditis

A 
Idiopathic
Viral
Bacterial
Spirochaetes
Protozoa
Drugs
Toxins
Immunological
29
Q

Symptoms of Dilated cardiomyopathy

A

Fatigue, dyspnoea
Pulmonary oedema, RVF
Emboli

30
Q

Signs of Dilated cardiomyopathy

A 
Inc pulse
Dec BP
Inc JVP
Pleural effusion, Oedema, Ascitis
Jaundice, Hepatomegaly
31
Q

Treatment for Dilated cardiomyopathy

A

Bed rest
ACE-I, B-blockers, diuretics
Anticoagulation
Biventricular pacing, ICDs, LVADs, Transplantation

32
Q

Symptoms and Signs of Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy

A

Sudden death, angina
Dyspnoea, palpitation, syncope
CCF

33
Q

Treatment for Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy

A

Amiodarone, B-blockers

Anticoagulate

34
Q

Causes of Restrictive cardiomyopathy

A

Idiopathic, amyloidosis

Haemochromatosis, sarcoidosis

35
Q

Treatment for restrictive endocarditis

A

Treat the cause

36
Q

Causes for Acute pericarditis

A

Viruses, bacteria, fungi + parasitic, autoimmune, drugs, metabolic
Others: trauma, surgery, radiotherapy, MI, malignancy, CHF

37
Q

Treatment for Acute pericarditis

A

NSAIDs or aspirin with gastric protection

Add colchicine to reduce risk of recurrence

38
Q

Causes of Pericardial effusion

A

Pericarditis, myocardial rupture, aortic dissection

39
Q

Clinical ft of Pericardial effusion

A

Dyspnoea, chest pain
Local structures being compressed: hiccoughs (phrenic nerve), nausea (diagphragm), bronchial breathing at left base (left lower lobe)

40
Q

Management of Pericardial effusion

A

Pericardiocentesis

41
Q

Causes of constrictive pericarditis

A

Unknown, TB, after pericarditis

42
Q

Management of Constrictive pericarditis

A

Surgical excision

43
Q

Signs of cardiac tamponade

A

Increase pulse
Dec BP
Pulsus paradoxus
Inc JVP

44
Q

Diagnosis of Cardiac tamponade

A

Beck’s triad
Dec BP
Inc JVP
Muffled heart sounds

45
Q

Management of Cardiac tamponade

A

Pericardial effusion for drainage
Send for culture, ZN stain/TB culture
Cytology

Cardio (3 decks)

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