Cardiac Disease Flashcards
1
Q
What type of mechanical abnormality is present in congenital heart disease?
A
Faulty pump construction.
2
Q
What 2 structures divert blood from the lungs in the developing fetus?
A
Ductus arteriosus and foramen ovale.
3
Q
What two structures does the ductus arteriosus connect?
A
The aorta and pulmonary artery.
4
Q
What does the ductus arteriosus become after birth?
A
The fibrous cord called ligamentum arteriosum.
5
Q
What two structures does the foramen ovale connect, and in which direction does blood flow through it?
A
A 1-way flap between the right and left artia makes blood flow from right to left.
6
Q
What are the 2 defects related to the fetal shunts of the heart? What is the impact of these defects?
A
Patent Foramen Ovale/ Ductus Arteriosus. Deoxygenated and oxygenated blood mixes. If a large amount is shunted, pulmonary blood pressure raises, damaging the lungs by thickening the vessels and right ventricle.
7
Q
What is pulmonary or aortic valve stenosis?
A
Abnormal development of valve leaflets narrows the valve opening.
8
Q
Pulmonary stenosis obstructs outflow from which structure?
A
The right ventricle.
9
Q
Aortic stenosis obstructs outflow from which structure?
A
The left ventricle.
10
Q
How is pulmonary/ aortic stenosis treated?
A
A ballon like device increases the size of the opening.
11
Q
What 4 factors make up the tetalogy of fallot?
A
- Ventricular septal defect
- Pulmonary stenosis
- Enlarged aorta
- Right ventricular hypertrophy
12
Q
What are 2 clinical indications of tetralogy of fallot?
A
- Cyanosis
- Clubbing of digits
13
Q
In tetralogy of fallot, from where does the enlarged aorta receive blood?
A
From both ventricles. (less oxygenated blood)
14
Q
What is the 2 step treatment of tetralogy of fallot?
A
- Ventricular septum closed surgically
- Pulmonary valve/ artery enlarged.
15
Q
What are the 2 main structural changes in transposition of the great arteries?
A
- Left ventricle pumps oxygenated blood into pulmonary artery (O2 in pulmonary circulation)
- Right ventricle pumps poorly oxygenated blood to systemic circulation.
16
Q
What is the treatment for transposition of the great arteries?
A
Emergency surgery to connect vessels.
17
Q
What is coarctation of the aorta?
A
Aorta narrows and restricts blood flow to the distal aorta.
18
Q
How is the obstruction of the aorta bypassed in coarctation of the aorta?
A
Collateral circulation develops and shunts blood into the distal aorta.
19
Q
How will blood pressure be affected by coarctation of the aorta?
A
High BP in brachial artery, and low BP in LEs.
20
Q
What is the mechanism of atherosclerotic disease?
A
Dirty or plugged fuel lines.
21
Q
What are the 3 layers of the artery wall, and what is found in each layer?
A
- Intima: Endothelial cells
- Media: Smooth muscle
- Adventitia: Nerves, Lymphatics, Vascularture
22
Q
What are the 4 functions of the intima?
A
- Resists clot formation
- Prevents blood and large molecules from entering media and adventitia
- Chemotaxis
- Controls smooth muscle contraction/ dilation
23
Q
What is the 5 step mechanism of the plaque formation?
A
- Endothelium becomes damaged
- Endothelium becomes inflamed
- Fibrous plaque forms that is filled with cell debris, foam cells, and lipids
- Smooth muscles migrate into intima, and surround fatty streak
- Mass covered with a fibrous cap
24
Q
Describe the 2 methods of artery walls narrowing due to atherosclerosis.
A
Plaque rupture
- Inflammation weakens fibrous cap
- Cap ruptures
- Clot may form or cap reattaches narrowing aterial walls
Plaque w/o rupture
- Calcification of the plaque causes the wall to become rigid
- Artery cannot loses some ability to dilate
25
What can 3 things can happen as a result of aterial wall narrowing?
- Ischemia or limb claudication
- Clot release causing MI or CVA
- Aneurysm due to weakened arterial wall
26
What characteristics make a plaque more vulnerable to rupture?
- High lipid content with a thin fibrous cap
- Uncalcified
- Small
- Asymptomatic
27
What types of plaques cause ongoing anginal syndromes?
Calcified, stable plaques.
28
What are 2 effects of plaque rupture?
Completely occluding an artery causing:
- Cell damage/ death: INFARCTION
- Unstable angina with an increase in frequency, in both threshold and resting angina.
29
What is an effect of a large stable plaque?
- Ischemia (partially occluded artery reducing oxygen flow)
30
What are some major risk factors for cardiovascular disease?
- HTN
- Smoking
- High cholesterol
- Male
- Age
31
What are minor risk factors for cardiovascular disease?
- Obesity
- Diabetes
- Lack of exercise
- Family history
32
What are 5 non-modifiable risk factors for CVD?
- Age
- Gender
- Ethnic background
- Male pattern baldness
- Family history
33
What are some examples of modifiable risk factors for CVD?
- HTN
- High Cholesterol
- Smoking
- Diet
- Uric acid levels
- Diabetes
- Stress
- ETC
34
Where was the major study done that identified the major risk factors for CVD?
Framingham.
35
By what two mechanisms can hypertension be a precursor to CVD, L Ventricular Hypertrophy, or CHF?
- Shearing forces on endothelium surfaces
| - Proliferation of smooth muscle --> occlusion of arteries.
36
What is ideal blood pressure?
120/70.
37
What is normal blood pressure?
130> / 85
38
What is mild blood pressure?
>140 / 90
39
What is moderate blood pressure?
>160 / 100
40
What is severe blood pressure?
> 180 / 110
41
What is the equation for blood pressure?
Blood Pressure = Cardiac Output X Total Peripheral Resistance.
42
What structure monitors arterial pressure?
Baroreceptors.
43
What effect does the increased stretch on the arteries have on the nervous system?
SNS inhibited.
PNS excited.
- Vasodilation
- Decreased heartrate/ force of contraction
- Decreased BP
Compensation eventually fails.
Opposite in hypotension.
44
What 3 systemic abnormalities often accompany hypertension?
- SNS overactivity of the heart
- SNS overactivity and abnormal regulation of smooth muscle tone by local factors in blood vessels
- Kidneys retain excess Na+, H2O
45
What are 5 lab tests performed for hypertension?
- Urinalysis
- Serum K+
- Blood glucose
- Cholesterol
- ECG
46
What are 3 treatments for HTN?
- Reduce risk factors
- Get medicated
- Exercise
47
What are symptoms of HTN?
Typically asymptomatic.
48
What is the mechanism of injury to the cardiovascular system from smoking?
- Increased sheer stress on endothelium
- O2 displaced on hemoglobin --> hypoxia
- Toxins make arteries more permeable to lipids
49
What 3 ways are lipids affected by smoking?
- Decreased HDL
- Increased total cholesterol
- Increased fibrinogen leading to increased platelet aggregation
50
What main effect does nicotine have on the cardiovascular system, and what secondary effects does this have?
Nicotine is a vasoconstrictor, resulting in a reduced ischemic threshold that causes angina or dysrhythmias as low levels of exercise.
- Also increased HR and BP.
51
What causes dyslipidemia?
- Fatty deposits
| - Platelet aggregations
52
What medications treat dyslipidemia and how?
Statins:
| - Reduce LDL/ Total cholesterol by blocking chole production in liver.
53
What side effect should be monitored when a patient is taking a statin such as: lipitor or simvastatin?
Muscle ache.
54
What is good cholesterol, and what is bad cholesterol?
HDL --> Good
| LDL --> Bad
55
Does LDL brings cholesterol to cells or the liver?
Cells.
56
Does HDL bring choles to cells or the liver?
Liver.
57
What the 5 cholesterol-norms?
```
HDL: 45
LDL: < 70
Total: < 200
Trig: < 150
Ratio: < 3.5
```
58
What is a normal HDL for a woman?
55
59
What is a normal LDL and total cholesterol for a noncardiac pt?
LDL: < 130
Total: < 229
60
What is the mean onset of cardiovascular disease in men? In women?
50 - 51 <
| 60 <
61
Which gender is more at risk for CVD?
Men.
62
In which gender is MI more fatal?
Women.
63
Why does CVD onset later in women?
Before menopause, women have more estrogen, which helps control the progression of CVD.
64
What 7 ways does inactivity affect CVD?
- Increased weight
- Insulin resistance
- Stress
- Clotting/ endothelial dysfunctino
- Increased BP - promotes arterial stiffness
- Promotes systemic inflammation
- Promotes increased cholesterol and lower HDL
65
How does Stress affect CVD physiologically?
- Increased cholesterol promotes endothelial dysfunctino
- Elevated stress hormones cause vasoconstriction by the sympathetic nervous system.
- Catecholamines increase BP and Myocardial O2 demand.
66
What 7 effects does obesity have on CVD?
- Increased LDL
- Increased Triglycerides
- Blood vessels harden and weaken
- L Ventricle hypertrophies (CHF)
- Promotes inflammation
- Excessive abdominal fat --> insulin resistance
67
What other 2 health conditions is Obesity linked to?
- HTN
| - Diabetes Mellitus
68
What 5 effects does diabetes have on CVD?
- Glucose metabolism linked to fat metabolism
- Glucose disrupts endothelial lining
- Platelet adhesiveness increased
- Increased BP and cholesterol
69
What is myocardial ischemia?
Imbalance between myocardial oxygen supply and demand
70
What provokes myocardial ischemia?
Exertion.
Subsides with rest.
71
What amount of conclusion causes symptoms severe enough for patient to visit MD?
70% occlusion.
72
What heart processes are interrupted by myocardial ischemia?
- Arrhythmias
| - Decreased systole and diastole
73
How is myocardial ischemia viewed on an EKG?
Displaced ST segment.
74
What brings on and relieves angina due to stable myocardial ischemia?
Provokes: Exertion, stress, emotions
Relieves: Rest, nitroglycerin
75
What brings on and relieves angina due to unstable myocardial ischemia?
Provokes: Less exertion than with stable. Lasts longer. Less responsive to meds.
Relieves: Rest. Meds
76
What is more likely in unstable myocardial ischemia than in stable?
Myocardial infarction due to ruptured plaques.
77
What brings on angina in prinzmetal/ variation myocardial ischemia?
Provokes: Rest. (due to vasospasm, and not increaed O2 demand. Happens more in early am hours
78
What type of myocardial ischemia is more likely to wake a patient due to angina?
Prinzmetal/ variant.
79
What are 4 referred anginal equivalents?
- Dyspnea (shortness of air)
- Fatigue
- Light-headedness
- Bleching/ indigestion
80
Who tends to have less typical anginal symptoms?
Women.
81
What is silent ischemia?
Asymptomatic.
82
How does diabetes mellitus effect the innervation of the heart?
- SNS compression (sweaty, clammy)
| - PNS compression (nausea, weakness)
83
What is a complete interaction of blood supply to an area of the myocardium?
Myocardial infarction.
84
Where does an MI typically occur?
The left ventricle.
85
When does the inflammatory response after an MI occur? What occurs during this period?
18 - 24 hrs; dead cells removed, connective tissue scar begins.
86
How long does it take for debris to be removed from the heart following an MI, and what occurs next?
4 - 10 days; collagen is laid down.
87
When does revascularization of fibrotic scar tissue occur following an MI?
10 - 14 days after.
88
When is fibrous scar tissue completely formed following an MI?
6 - 8 weeks after.
89
What can the region of the heart affected by an MI no longer do?
Contract or relax.
90
What is recommended while the patient recovers from an MI?
Low-level exercise to prevent effects of immobilization.
91
What is sternal precaution?
Cannot lift more than 5 lbs for 8 weeks.
92
What is the role of a PT in post-op inpatient cardiac rehab?
- Basic mobility
- ROM exercises
- Education regarding
- General walking program
93
Name 2 of the 3 elements required to diagnose an acute MI.
- History of ischemic type chest discomfort
- Evolutionary changes on serial ECG
- Rise and fall in serum cardiac enzymes
94
What is the clinical presentation of an acute MI?
- Constant pain that lasts more than 30 minutes and radiates
- shortness of breath
- paleness
95
If a patient has a history of past angina, how would a patient be treated for clinical presentation of an acute MI?
- 3 doses of Nitro
| - If no relief, head to ER
96
How does an EKG change during an acute MI?
- Peaked T waves
- Elevated ST segment
- T-wave inversion
97
How soon should a patient be transported to a cath lab for an acute MI?
Within 3 hours.
98
How many leads are needed to diagnose an acute MI?
12 lead.
99
What 5 cardiac enzymes related to cell death are used to diagnose acute MI?
- CreatineKinase (CK)
- CKMB myoglobin
- Cardiac specific troponins (T and I)
- Lactic Dehydrogenase (LDH)
- Serum GlutamicOxaloaceticTransaminase (SGOT)
100
When is a patient cleared for cleared for treatment?
- 3 negative enzymes result because different enzymes peak at different times.
101
What is the goal of myocardial infarction medications?
- Reduce O2 demand of heart.
- Vasodilation
- Manage lipids
- Dissolve clots
102
What are 3 surgical treatments for myocardial infarction?
- Stents coated with meds to decrease clotting
- Intra-aortic balloon pump
- Enhance external counterpulsation --> pneumatic cuffs on calves and thighs; skeletal muscle pump.
103
What causes sudden death in CVA?
Fatal arrhythmia.
104
Who is more likely to suffer sudden death?
- Patients with prior MI and left ventricle dysfunction.
105
What are 4 triggers of sudden death?
- Physical stress
- Mental stress
- Metabolic disorders
- Accelerated sinus rhythm
106
What percent of acute MI patients die before receiving medical attention?
20 %
107
What causes an increased risk of death post MI?
- Electrical instability
- Left ventricular dysfunction
- Residual ischemia
108
What is an aneurysm?
- Abnormal localized dilation of all 3 layers of artery causing a bulge in the artery wall.
109
What 6 factors cause the aorta to be susceptible to an aneurysm?
- High pressure and shear stress due to stress of heart beats
- Elastic components of aorta degenerate with age
- Atherosclerosis/ risk factors
- Genetic predispositions
- Inflammation
- Trauma
110
Where do 90 % of aneurysms due to artherosclerosis occur?
Below renal arteries, at bifurcation of aorta.
111
What symptoms present with a rupture of an abdominal aneurysm?
- Severe back
| - Abdominal pain
112
How are abdominal aneurysms diagnosed?
- Ultrasound
113
How are thoracic aortic aneurysms diagnosed?
- CT
| - MRI
114
What are clinical manifestations for a patient with an aneurysm?
Monitor BP during interventions.
115
When is surgery prescribed for an aneurysm, and what is the procedure?
- > 5cm
| - Graft/ stent
116
What is an aortic dissection?
The intima is torn by a constant torque applied to the ascending and proximal descending aorta which forms a pouch between the artery walls, and propogates distally.
117
What is aortic dissection often confused with?
- MI or other causes of chest pain.
| - Neurologic lesions/ abdominal conditions related to ischemia
118
What is the treatment for aortic dissection?
Surgical repair.
119
What arteries are affected by the peripheral arterial occlusive disease?
- Aorta and iliac arteries
| - Femoral and popliteal arteries
120
What is the classic symptom of peripheral arterial occlusive disease?
- Intermittent claudication
| - Cramp like pains in calves durking walking, relieved by rest
121
What sound is heard caused by turbulent blood flow?
- Bruits
122
What is the ankle-brachial index in peripheral arterial disease?
< 0.9
123
What 5 integumentary changes occur in PAD?
- Muscle atrophy
- Pallor
- Cyanotic discoloration
- Hair loss
- Gangrene/ necrosis/ ulcers
124
What are treatments for peripheral arterial disease?
- Exercise program
- Risk factor modification
- Ultrasound
- stents
- Bypass
125
What type of mechanical changed occurs in heart valve abnormalities?
Faulty unidirectional valves.
126
When does valvular dysfunction become symptomatic?
When cardiac output becomes affected.
127
What symptoms occur with valvular dysfunction?
Patient exhausted, breathless.
| - Heart failure.
128
What can cause valvular disease?
- Congenital causes
- Infection
- Disease (rheumatic fever)
129
By what 3 methods can a valve become diseased?
- Stenosis: Narrow --> leads to hypertrophy
- Insufficient: Leaks back into heart chamber causing valve to dilate and then hypertrophy
- Prolapse: Leaflets bulge into left atrium.
130
What is rheumatic heart disease?
Strep infection of the pharynx.
131
What are 3 surgical interventions for valve dysfunction?
- Ballon vavuloplasty
- Annuloplasty: Ring repair valve
- Replacement: Mechanical or biological tissue
132
What is the advantage of a mechanical and biological valve replacement?
- Mechanical more susceptible to clots
| - Biological tissue wears down faster
133
What type of mechanical change occurs in cardiomyopathy heart failure?
Pump failure.
134
What is a cardiomyopathy?
Group of diseases involving a primary disorder of the myocardial cells resulting in dysfunction.
135
What are the 3 major types of cardiomyopathies?
- Primary dilated (increased cardiac mass) (dilation of all 4 chambers with little or no wall thickening and systolic dysfunction
- Hypertrophic: Increased mass without cavity dilation
- Restrictive cardiomyopathy: Restricted ventricular filling
136
What are 5 causes of dilated cardiomyopathy?
- Genetic
- Inflammatory-viral myocarditis
- Toxic-alcohol chemotherapy
- Metabolic: - hypothyroid
- Idiopathic
137
What are 5 symptoms of dilated cardiomyopathy?
- Fatigue
- Exertional SOB
- Pulmonary congestion
- Orthopnea
- Nocturnal dyspnea
138
What are 5 signs of dilated cardiomyopathy?
- Tachy cardia
- Crackles
- S3
- Peripherial edema
- Ascites (swelling around liver)
139
What are 4 medical treatments for dilated cardiomyopathy?
- Diuretics
- ACE inhibitors
- Betablockers
- Surgery
140
What 2 conditions are patients with dilated cardiomyopathy susceptible to?
- Arrhythmia
| - Clots
141
What is hypertrophic cardiomyopathy?
- Thickened left ventricular walls with abnormal diastolic relaxation, but normal systoly.
- Not caused by HTN or aortic stenosis
142
What causes hypertrophic cardiomyopathy?
- Genetics
143
Where does pressure shift in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy?
Backs up into the left atrium and lungs.
144
What are 4 symptoms of hypertrophic cardiomyopathy?
- Dyspnea
- Angina
- Syncope
- Death
145
What are is a sign of hypertrophic cardiomyopathy?
- S4 heart sounds from left artia contracting into stiff muscle
146
What are 3 tests used to diagnose hypertrophic cardiomyopathy?
- Echo
- Cardiac catheter
- EKG
147
What are 4 treatments for hypertrophic cardiomyopathy?
- Meds (beta blockers, Ca++, antiarrhythmics)
- Pacemaker
- Myomectomy
- Avoid competitive sports or strenuous exercise
148
In what population does hypertrophic cardiomyopathy cause sudden death?
Young athletes.
149
What is restrictive cardiomyopathy?
Stiff, but not thick ventricles with impaired diastolic relaxation, and normal systole.
150
What are 6 causes of restrictive cardiomyopathy?
- Idiopathic
- Amylidosis
- Sclerodema
- Sarcoidosis
- Endomyocardial fibrosis
- Metastatic tumors
- Radiation exposure
151
What are 2 symptoms of restrictive cardiomyopathy?
- Dyspnea
| - Fatigue
152
What are 4 signs of restrictive cardiomyopathy?
- Crackles
- Peripheral edema
- Jugular distension
- S3
153
What are 4 tests conducted in order to diagnose restrictive cardiomyopathy?
- Biopsy
- CT scan
- MRI
- ECG
154
To where does pressure back up into in restrictive cardiomyopathy?
- Left artia
| - Lungs
155
What are 4 determinants of systolic function?
- EDV and Preload (tension or stretch on myocardium before systole)
- After load (pressure or force which ventricle must contract against to eject blood)
- Contractility of myocardium
- Rate of contraction/ heart rate
156
What is the final and most severe manifestation of nearly every form of cardiac disease?
- Heart failure
157
How many new cases of heart failure are there a year?
500,000.
158
What is the definition of heart pump failure?
- Inability of the heart to maintain adequate CO at rest (<4L/min)
159
What are symptoms of heart pump failure provoked?
With exercise.
160
What is the common cause of heart pump failure?
- Chronic hypertension leading to abnormally elevated afterload.
161
How do the ventricular walls change in systolic failure?
Dilation/ expansion of the ventricular walls.
162
How do the ventricular walls change in diastolic heart failure?
They stiffen or hypertrophy.
163
How does EDV change in systolic and diastolic failure?
Systolic: Increased
Diastolic: Decreased
164
What is the mechanism of right ventricular failure?
- Pulmonary artery pressure chronically elevated
- Rt ventricle hypertrophies in response to chronically increased afterload
- Rt ventricle pressure incrases, and reflects back to rt atria and venous system
165
What are 4 causes of pumonary artery hypertension?
- Lt ventricular failure
- Mitral valve failure
- Chronic pulmonary disease
- Acute pulmonary disease
166
What is another name for right ventricle failure?
Cor pulmonale.
167
In what patients is right ventricle failure common?
Patients with COPD.
168
What is congestive heart failure?
- Left-sided heart failure
- Causes congestion in the chest
- Interstitial spaces in lungs become compressed, alevoli compress, and pt feels like they can't take a deep breath.
169
Explain the mechanism of congestive heart failure.
- Systolic or diastolic dysfunction of the left ventricle increases EDV and pressure
- Pressure backs into left artium and pulmonary veins
- Pressure backs into interstitial space in lungs
170
What is the number 1 reason for hospital admissions in US?
Congestive heart failure.
171
**Look at cardiac disease slide 78**
**look at cardiac disease slide 78**
172
Which sided heart failure affects the systemic circuit?
Right-sided.
173
Which sided heart failure affects the lungs?
Left-sided.
174
What tests are used to diagnose heart failure?
- Echocardiogram
- ECG
- Cardiac Catheter
- MRI
- CT scans
175
What 4 medications are used to treat heart failure?
- ACE inhibitors - decrease PR, decrease preload/ systolic BP
- Beta blockers: decrease HR, BP, arrhythmias
- Diuretics - Reduce preload
- Digoxin - increases contractility
176
What are 6 surgical interventions for heart failure?
- CABG
- Angioplasty if CVd is cause
- Valve repair/ replacement
- Cardiac transplant
- Defibrillators
- Pacemaker
177
When is it safe to begin PT treatment on a patient post heart failure?
- No worsening of Lt ventricular function
| - Medically stable
178
What precautions should be used in a patient post heart failure?
- Progress exercise slowly
- Monitor for arrhythmias
- Consider symptoms and exercise response
- Use interval training
- Light weight training
179
What HR reserve may be used generally in patients post heart failure?
- 60 - 70 % of HR reserve
180
What patient education should be reinforced following heart failure?
- Low salt diet
- Recording daily weights
- Medication regiment
- Symptom monitoring
- Call doctor
181
What is pericarditis?
Inflammation of the pericardium.
182
What are 3 infectious causes of pericarditis?
- Viral: flu, coxsackie, varicella, mumps, Hep B, mono
- Tuberculosis
- Bacterial: Pneumonia, pneumococcus, and staphlococci
183
What are 6 non-infectious causes of pericarditis?
- MI- resulting from injury to myocardium
- Uremic: chronic renal failure
- Neoplastic: related to tumors
- Radiation exposure
- Connective tissue disorders
- Drug induced
184
What are 3 symptoms of pericarditis?
- Chest pain: sharp and pleuritic (with breathing)
- Lessened with certain positions
- Fever
185
What changes are found in an EKG in pericarditis?
- Diffuse ST segment elevation
| - PR segment depression
186
What other methods are used to diagnose pericarditis?
- Echo evidence of effusion
| - Blood work
187
What are 5 treatments for pericarditis?
- Rest (usually runs its course in 1 -3 weeks
- Analgesic pain relief
- Oral corticosteroids
- Antibiotics
- Catheter drainage if disease advances
188
When may PT treatment being for pericarditis?
Once the disease is no longer acute.
189
What is pericardial effusion?
- Fluid accumulation within pericardium.
190
What is cardiac tamponade?
- Fluid accumulation within pericardium that restricts expansion of ventricle.
191
What are some signs and symptoms of cardiac tamponade?
- Decreased EDV, SV, an pulse pressure.
- Increased venous pressure
- Tachycardia
- Tachypnea
- Stable SBP
192
How is cardiac tamponade treated?
- Removal of fluid
| - Emergancy situation
193
What is acute myocarditis?
Inflammation of the myocardial wall due to strep that can lead to rheumatic fever or a variety of other types of infections.
194
What is endocarditis, and what causes it?
- Bacterial or fungal infection of heart valves that disrupts their function.
195
What causes endocarditis?
Direct exposure in blood stream by: dental work, urinary infection, intenstinal procedures, IV use, central venous catheter placement, etc.
196
Name 3 of the 5 abnormalities that classify metabolic syndrome.
- Waist circumference
- Triglycerides
- HDL - C
- BP
- Fasting glucose level
197
What 2 conditions are associated with metabolic syndrome?
- Type 2 diabetes
| - Artherosclerotic disease
198
What population is less at risk for metabolic syndrome?
Asian populations.
199
What is the treatment for metabolic syndrome?
Management of risk factors.
