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CV Final Material > Cardiac Development > Flashcards

Cardiac Development Flashcards

1
Q

When are the first vessels formed?

A

first blood vessels form around day 17

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2
Q

What are the precursor cells to blood vessels?

A

mesenchymal cells called angioblasts or hemangioblasts

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3
Q

What is the process of vessel formation called?

A

vasculogenesis (blood vessel formation directly from angioblasts)

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4
Q

From what tissue is vascular endothelium derived?

A

from mesenchyme derived from mesoderm

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5
Q

Where are the first blood cells formed?

A

in the yolk sac for the first two months of development.

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6
Q

Where are blood cells formed during months 2 to 7?

A

spleen and liver

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7
Q

Usually during the 4th month what starts to work and over take the liver and spleen as the primary source of blood cells?

A

bone marrow

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8
Q

How does the primitive heart tube form?

A

crescent of mesenchyme known as the cardiogenic crescent or the primary heart field then the surrounding splanchnic mesoderm of the PHF forms an external layer around the endothelium called the myocardium

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9
Q

As the embryo folds in the sagittal plane, how does the heart tube move?

A

PHF becomes ventral with respect to the forming brain and foregut and is now caudal to the oral membrane

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10
Q

What is the origin of the endocardium of the primitive heart tube?

A

the endothelial (an epithelium) lining of the lumen of the primitive tubular heart.

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11
Q

What is the origin of the myocardium of the primitive heart tube?

A

The outer epithelial tube of the primitive heart tube

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12
Q

What is the origin of the cardiac jelly of the primitive heart tube?

A

An accumulation of extracellular matrix between the endocardium and the myocardium

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13
Q

What is the origin of the epicardium of the primitive heart tube?

A

The epicardium is derived from the proepicardial organ, an outgrowth of coelomic epithelium (derived from mesoderm)

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14
Q

Other derivatives of the proepicardial organ include the endothelial cells and smooth muscle of what heart structures?

A

coronary vessels as well as cardiac fibroblasts

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15
Q

What vessels enter the tubular heart?

A

two umbilical veins, two vitelline veins, two common cardinal veins: all entering the sinus venosus

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16
Q

What vessels leave the tubular heart?

A

pharyngeal arch arteries originate from the aortic sac and connect to the dorsal aorta

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17
Q

What is the only chamber represented by the initial primitive heart tube?

A

primitive left ventricle

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18
Q

New segments/primitive chambers are added at

the arterial and venous poles from what kind of cells?

A

mesenchyme cells originating from the secondary heart field

  • At the arterial pole the primitive right ventricle (PRV) and outflow region/tract (OR)
  • At the venous pole the atrioventricular (AV) canal, primordial/primary atrium (PA), and sinus venosus (SV)
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19
Q

What is cardiac looping?

A

Addition of multiple segments to the heart tube from the SHF causes the tubular heart to elongate and bend

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20
Q

What direction does the heart loop?

A

primitive heart tube usually loops to the right which places the future apex of the heart on the left side of the midline

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21
Q

Cardiac looping to the left causes what?

A

dextrocardia

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22
Q

The looping and twisting of the heart causes two curves what are they?

A

an inner curvature (where the bulboventricular groove is located) and the outer curvature.

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23
Q

After the atrium forms it also balloons outward on each side forming what?

A

atrial appendages

24
Q

As the heart loop forms, the dorsal mesocardium degenerates and disappears and the space created will
become what?

A

transverse pericardial between the great vessels and the back wall of the pericardial sac

25
Q

During the early phase, what key looping occurs?

A
  • atria will end up posterior and superior to the ventricles
  • arterial pole and venous pole of the heart become approximated
  • outflow region of the heart elongates into proximal and distal segments with a dogleg bend between them
26
Q

During the later phase, what key looping occurs?

A
  • Both legs of the loop contact each other at the AV canal that is located along the inner curvature
  • Probably due to torsion, the POR is transferred to the left and wedged between AV canal and the forming interventricular septum
27
Q

When does the heart start beating?

A

Pulsations of the heart begin at day 21-22

28
Q

Around day 26 what happens to blood flow?

A

Unidirectional flow of blood begins

29
Q

Which arch artery becomes the aorta?

A

4th pharyngeal arch artery will become the arch of the aorta

30
Q

the 6th aortic arch that becomes what?

A

the ductus arteriosus

31
Q

flow of blood through the looped heart becomes physiologically separated (before or after) it is anatomically separated.

A

BEFORE

32
Q

The smooth portion of the left atrium is derived from the absorption of two generations of what vessels?

A

pulmonary veins

33
Q

What is the origin of the cardiac mesenchyme?

A

Cardiac mesenchyme (endocardial cushion tissue, cushion tissue) originates from the epithelium to mesenchyme transformation of a subset of endocardial cells lining the atrioventricular (AV) canal

34
Q

Where are the endocardial cushions located within the developing heart?

A

newly formed mesenchyme cells populated the expanded cardiac jelly of the AV cushions and the bulbar ridges as well as the cardiac jelly along the inner curvature of the heart tube

35
Q

What are the adult derivatives of the cardiac mesenchyme?

A

the leaflets of the tricuspid, mitral, aortic and pulmonary valves. Cushion tissue also forms the chordae tendinae of the AV valves, and the membranous portion of the interventricular septum

36
Q

How are the atria partitioned?

A

In the embryo/fetus, the interatrial septum must have an opening to allow for right to left shunting, only in one direction, and must be able to close completing the septum after birth.

37
Q

How is the AV canal partitioned?

A

dorsal and ventral cushions fuse with each other separating the common AV canal into right and left channels and forming the septum intermedium. cushion tissue located along the inner curvature of the heart tube is replaced by cardiac muscle by a process called myocardialization

38
Q

How does partitioning of the proximal outflow region occur?

A

Division of the proximal outflow region becomes the outlet for the right and left ventricles with formation of the valves in the aorta and pulmonary trunk as well as contributing to the formation of the aortic and pulmonary trunk root

39
Q

How does separation of the ventricles occur?

A

majority of the septum is form by a build up of cardiac
myocytes (muscular septum) space between the apex of the muscular IVS and the base of the forming septum intermedium is called the primary interventricular communication which never closes because it becomes the connection between the left atrium and left ventricle. The secondary interventricular communication is closed by
cushion tissue from the bulbar ridge and the AV canal that together form the membranous portion of the IVS.

40
Q

Approximately when during development does partitioning of the heart occur?

A

fifth to the eight weeks of development

41
Q

With respect to the outflow region, what adult structures develop from the proximal and distal outflow regions?

A
  • POR forms the outlet for the right and left ventricles

- DOR forms the valves of the aorta and pulmonary trunk and contributes to the roots of the aorta and pulmonary trunk

42
Q

what adult structures develop from the aortic sac?

A

the aortic sac also contributes to the roots of the aorta and the pulmonary trunk

43
Q

In the fetus, which vessel carries the blood that goes through the oval foramen?

A

inferior vena cava is directed to the oval foramen via the valve of the inferior vena cava

44
Q

To which part of the embryo does most of this blood go? Why?

A

Most of the blood goes to the head and neck (via the carotids) because this is proportionally the largest part of the embryo, and the area that is growing the fastest

45
Q

In the fetus, where does the blood come from that enters the right ventricle?

A

Blood enters the right atrium via the superior vena cava. In the embryo this blood is derived from 1) The upper limbs 2) head and neck.

46
Q

In the fetus, Where does

most of right ventricle blood go?

A

This blood is shunted to the aorta through the ductus arteriosus. It is distributed to the trunk and lower limbs through branches of the aorta

47
Q

Which fetal vessel(s) has/have the highest level of O2?

A

The umbilical vein coming directly from the placenta contains blood with the highest level of oxygen. Once it enters the embryo, most blood in the umbilical vein is shunted past the liver through the ductus venosus that connects the umbilical vein with the inferior vena cava

48
Q

Which fetal vessel(s) has/have the lowest level of O2?

A

The umbilical arteries are the final vessels between the embryo circulation and the placenta. The blood in these vessels would have the lowest oxygen content

49
Q

Why is there little or no blood in the fetal pulmonary circulation?

A

placenta is functioning as the fetus’ lungs, so all gas exchange is accomplished there. In addition the lungs are filled with fluid that would inhibit gas exchange

50
Q

Which part of the embryo receives the greatest amount of oxygen—the head and neck or the body?

A

head and neck

51
Q

What changes occur in the fetal circulation at birth?

A

The three shunts that permitted much of the blood to bypass the liver and lungs close in hours to days. Anatomical closure takes weeks.

52
Q

What is the remnant of the ductus arteriosus?

A

becomes the ligamentum arteriosum, a fibrous cord connecting the pulmonary trunk to the arch of the aorta

53
Q

What is the remnant of the ductus venosus?

A

becomes the ligamentum venosum, a fibrous band on the dorsal surface of the liver that runs between the ligamentum teres hepatus and the inferior vena cava

54
Q

What is the remnant of the umbilical vein?

A

becomes the ligamentum teres hepatis, or the round ligament of the liver. It is found in the inferior border of the falciform ligament

55
Q

What is the remnant of the umbilical artery?

A

becomes a medial umbilical ligament on the internal surface of the anterior abdominal wall

CV Final Material (16 decks)

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