Cardiac Cycle Flashcards

1
Q

what is cyanotic congenital heart disease

A

less oxygen in systemic blood circulation

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2
Q

what is acyanotic congenital heart disease

A

normal oxygen level in systemic blood

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3
Q

examples of acyanotic congenital heart disease

A
  1. septal defect (incomplete septum development= o2/de02 mix)
  2. coarctation of aorta (aorta narrows, l. ventricle pushes harder= higher bp.)
  3. patent ductus arteriosus
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4
Q

examples of cyanotic congenital heart disease

A
  1. tetraology of fallot
    - less blood in pulmonary circuit, less oxidised blood= blue body

divided into 4 defects

  • ventral septal defect
  • over riding valve
  • stenosed pulmonary valve
  • enlarged right ventricle
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5
Q

what is early ventricular systole

A

where ventricles= iso-volumetric contraction

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6
Q

what is iso-volumetric contraction

A

ventricles CONTRACT BUT pressure lower than atrial pressure
semi-lunar valves shut
NO change in blood volume

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7
Q

what is iso-volumetric relaxation

A

ventricles RELAX BUT pressure higher than atrial pressure
AV valves shut
NO change in blood volume

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8
Q

what is the di-crotic notch

A

when high pressure causes the elastic arterial walls to recoil there is a small and temporary rise seen

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9
Q

what is meant by venous return

A

all the blood returning to the heart from systemic and pulmonary circulation. this blood passes through the AV valves under own pressure

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10
Q

what causes heart sounds (auscultation)

A

the turbulent rush of blood through valves as they CLOSE

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11
Q

1st lub sound is caused by…

A

AV valves close (phase 2- start of systole)

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12
Q

2nd dup sound is caused by…

A

semi-lunar valves close (phase 4- start of diastole)

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13
Q

what does blood pressure measure

A

the AORTIC pressure

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14
Q

what is meant by diastolic pressure

A

the lowest blood pressure recorded in diastole

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15
Q

what is meant by systolic pressure

A

the highest blood pressure recorded in systole

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16
Q

what is mean arterial pressure, MAP

A
MAP= the average AORTIC pressure across the whole cardiac cycle 
MAP= DP + (PP/3)
17
Q

how do you calculate MAP, and why is not a simple average

A

MAP= DP + (PP/3)

Not simply an average of the 2 pressures because aortic bp. is closer to diastolic value than systolic when averaged out

18
Q

how do you calculate pulse pressure, PP

A

PP= SP-DP

19
Q

how do you calculate SV

A

EDV- ESV

20
Q

what is EDV

A

maximum amount of blood in ventricles

21
Q

what is ESV

A

the blood left -over in ventricles AFTER they have contracted

22
Q

how do you calculate ejection fraction

A

EF= SV/ EDV

23
Q

what are the 3 stages of coronary heart disease

A
  1. endothelial dysfunction (increase in adhesion mols, chemokines, tissue factor, and decrease in endothelium-dependant vaso-dilation )
  2. fatty streaks develop (in the wall of artery under endothelium), stimulates the vascular smooth muscles to migrate to fatty acids, proliferate
  3. inflammatory response activated (increase in macrophages, T-cells, necrotic lipid core, tissue factor, plaque vulnerability and plaque thrombogencity)
24
Q

how do you treat coronary heart disease

A

angioplasty: CABG, PTCA

CABG= use of saphenous vein from leg

PTCA= use of a stent