Cardiac Cycle

Question 1

what is cyanotic congenital heart disease

Answer 1

less oxygen in systemic blood circulation

Question 2

what is acyanotic congenital heart disease

Answer 2

normal oxygen level in systemic blood

Question 3

examples of acyanotic congenital heart disease

Answer 3

1. septal defect (incomplete septum development= o2/de02 mix)
2. coarctation of aorta (aorta narrows, l. ventricle pushes harder= higher bp.)
3. patent ductus arteriosus

Question 4

examples of cyanotic congenital heart disease

Answer 4

1. tetraology of fallot
   - less blood in pulmonary circuit, less oxidised blood= blue body

divided into 4 defects

• ventral septal defect
• over riding valve
• stenosed pulmonary valve
• enlarged right ventricle

Question 5

what is early ventricular systole

Answer 5

where ventricles= iso-volumetric contraction

Question 6

what is iso-volumetric contraction

Answer 6

ventricles CONTRACT BUT pressure lower than atrial pressure
semi-lunar valves shut
NO change in blood volume

Question 7

what is iso-volumetric relaxation

Answer 7

ventricles RELAX BUT pressure higher than atrial pressure
AV valves shut
NO change in blood volume

Question 8

what is the di-crotic notch

Answer 8

when high pressure causes the elastic arterial walls to recoil there is a small and temporary rise seen

Question 9

what is meant by venous return

Answer 9

all the blood returning to the heart from systemic and pulmonary circulation. this blood passes through the AV valves under own pressure

Question 10

what causes heart sounds (auscultation)

Answer 10

the turbulent rush of blood through valves as they CLOSE

Question 11

1st lub sound is caused by…

Answer 11

AV valves close (phase 2- start of systole)

Question 12

2nd dup sound is caused by…

Answer 12

semi-lunar valves close (phase 4- start of diastole)

Question 13

what does blood pressure measure

Answer 13

the AORTIC pressure

Question 14

what is meant by diastolic pressure

Answer 14

the lowest blood pressure recorded in diastole

Question 15

what is meant by systolic pressure

Answer 15

the highest blood pressure recorded in systole

Question 16

what is mean arterial pressure, MAP

Answer 16

MAP= the average AORTIC pressure across the whole cardiac cycle 
MAP= DP + (PP/3)

Question 17

how do you calculate MAP, and why is not a simple average

Answer 17

MAP= DP + (PP/3)

Not simply an average of the 2 pressures because aortic bp. is closer to diastolic value than systolic when averaged out

Question 18

how do you calculate pulse pressure, PP

Answer 18

PP= SP-DP

Question 19

how do you calculate SV

Answer 19

EDV- ESV

Question 20

what is EDV

Answer 20

maximum amount of blood in ventricles

Question 21

what is ESV

Answer 21

the blood left -over in ventricles AFTER they have contracted

Question 22

how do you calculate ejection fraction

Answer 22

EF= SV/ EDV

Question 23

what are the 3 stages of coronary heart disease

Answer 23

1. endothelial dysfunction (increase in adhesion mols, chemokines, tissue factor, and decrease in endothelium-dependant vaso-dilation )
2. fatty streaks develop (in the wall of artery under endothelium), stimulates the vascular smooth muscles to migrate to fatty acids, proliferate
3. inflammatory response activated (increase in macrophages, T-cells, necrotic lipid core, tissue factor, plaque vulnerability and plaque thrombogencity)

Question 24

how do you treat coronary heart disease

Answer 24

angioplasty: CABG, PTCA

CABG= use of saphenous vein from leg

PTCA= use of a stent