Cardiac Cycle

Question 1

Where does contraction of the ventricles begin?

Answer 1

Apex of the heart

Question 2

What is the first heart sound?

Answer 2

• S1
• Closing of the AV valves
• signal end of diastole and beginning of systole

Question 3

What is isovolumetric ventricular contraction?

Answer 3

• Early ventricular contraction
• pressure in ventricles has not yet exceeded aorta and pulmonary arteries
• no change in volume yet

Question 4

What is isovolumetric ventricular relazation?

Answer 4

• After ventricles pump blood

- Ventricular pressure is still greater than atria, so AV valves are closed

Question 5

What is the second heart sound?

Answer 5

• S2
• Pulmonary and aortic valves close
• signal the end of systole, and beginning of diastole

Question 6

What is valvular stenosis?

Answer 6

• if valve doesn’t open as easily or is narrowed
• more pressure needed to overcome stenosis, therefore more work
• results in turbulent flow/murmer

Question 7

What is an incompetent valve?

Answer 7

• AKA regurgitant
• Valve can’t hold pressure back, so some blood leaks backwards into ventricle
• Results in turbulent flow/murmer

Question 8

When would the time between S2 sounds be greatest?

Answer 8

-during inspiration

Question 9

What is the equation for ejection fraction?

Answer 9

EF = SV/EDV

SV = systolic volume
EDV = End diastolic volume

Question 10

At what EF would a heart transplant be necessary?

Answer 10

<25%

Question 11

What does the sequential contraction of the atria and ventricle depend on?

Answer 11

Cardiac pacemaker and conduction system

Question 12

IS the intrinsic heart rate of the AV node faster or slower than the SA node?

Answer 12

Slower

Question 13

What does the P wave represent?

Answer 13

-Atrial depolarization

Question 14

What does the QRS complex represent?

Answer 14

-Ventricular depolarization

Question 15

What does the T wave correspond to?

Answer 15

-Ventricular repolarization

Question 16

What does the QT-interval correspond to?

Answer 16

The time from the first ventricular depolarization to the last ventricular repolarization

Question 17

What does the PR-interval correspond to?

Answer 17

-Time from initial atrial depolarization to initial ventricular depolarization

Question 18

What qualifies as bradychardic?

Answer 18

<60 BPM

Question 19

What qualifies as Tachycardic?

Answer 19

> 100 BPM

Question 20

What does S3 represent?

Answer 20

decrease in the contractility of the ventricles

Question 21

What condition leads to increased preload?

Answer 21

Congestive Heart Failure

Question 22

How does afterload affect stroke volume?

Answer 22

• Inverse relationship

- Increased afterload = decreased stroke volume

Question 23

What is the ideal ejection fraction?

Answer 23

60% of end systole

Question 24

What is AOA Asian Dude’s formula for MAP?

Answer 24

MAP-RAP = CO-SVR

• RAP = Right atrial pressure
• SVR = Systemic Vascular Resistance