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Cardiovascular and Respiratory medicine > Cardiac Cycle > Flashcards

Cardiac Cycle Flashcards

1
Q

What is meant by end-diastolic volume?

A

Maximum volume of blood in the heart just before ventricles contract and at this point are relaxed?

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2
Q

What is meant by End-systolic volume?

A

The residual volume left in the heart following contraction

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3
Q

Give a definition of stroke volume and ow is it calculated.

A

Volume of blood expelled by the heart in any one cardiac cycle
End Diastolic volume-end systolic volume

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4
Q

How is ejection fraction calculated?

A

Stroke volume/End Diastolic volume x 100

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5
Q

What is the normal range for ejection fraction?

A

52-72%

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6
Q

What would happen to the ejection fraction with a patient with heart failure?

A

30-35%

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7
Q

What happens during Atrial Systole?

A

Atria contract to top up the volume of blood in the ventricles?

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8
Q

What wave on the ECG shows the start of atrial systole?

A

P wave

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9
Q

Which Heart sound is abnormal but heard during atrial systole and why?

A

S4- occurs with congestive heart failure, pulmonary embolism or tricuspid incompetence
Due to the forceful contraction of the atria in order to overcome hypertrophic ventricle

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10
Q

describe how ventricular depolarisation leads to contraction of ventricular muscle and how it is shown on the QRS

A

AP reaches ventricular myocyte.
Opens L type Ca 2+ channels; allows influx of Ca 2+
Opens Ryanodine receptor channels which allow Ca 2+ to move from sarcoplasmic reticulum to myofibrils
Ca 2+ allow actin-myosin cross bridges to form- causing sarcomere to shorten
Shown by QRS complex on the ECG

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11
Q

Which valves are open or closed during isovolumetric contraction?

A

AV valves are closed
SL valves are closed

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12
Q

What is Isovolumetric contraction

A

Contraction of the ventricles without a change in volume of the ventricles

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13
Q

What type of contraction is isovolumetric contraction?

A

isometric contraction- no shortening of muscle fibres

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14
Q

Changes in pressure and volume during isovolumetric contraction

A

Rapid increase in ventricular pressure
NO CHANGE in volume

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15
Q

What is rapid ejection?

A

When ventricular pressure>aortic pressure the semilunar valves open, leading to ejection of blood from ventricles

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16
Q

What type of contraction is rapid ejection?

A

concentric contraction- shortening of muscle fibres

17
Q

Changes in pressure and volume during rapid ejection

A

decrease in ventricular pressure
rapid decrease in ventricular volume
increase in aortic pressure

18
Q

What is reduced ejection

A

Remaining blood is ejected from the ventricles at a slowed rate
Ventricular pressure begins to fall however it is still greater than aortic pressure so semilunar valves remain open

19
Q

Changes in pressure and volume during reduced ejection phase

A

decrease in ventricular pressure
slow decrease in ventricular volume
slow decrease in aortic pressure

20
Q

How is Reduced ejection shown on ECG

A

T wave

21
Q

What is isovolumetric relaxation?

A

Relaxation of the ventricle without change in ventricular volume
occurs when ventricular pressure<aortic pressure - forces semilunar valves to close

22
Q

What sound is heard during isovolumetric relaxation phase.

A

S2- dub noise
Sound is made by the closure of the semilunar valves

23
Q

Changes in volume and pressure during isovolumetric relaxation

A

Rapid decrease in ventricular volume
NO CHANGE in ventricular volume

24
Q

What is the dichrotic notch and why does it occur

A

small increase in aortic pressure during isovolumetric relaxation
-walls of aorta are distended due to blood moving through it
-when aortic valve closes, walls rebound inwards and increase the pressure of the aorta

25
Q

What is rapid passive filling

A

When ventricular pressure<atrial pressure - pressure gradient formed which opens atrioventricular valves
Allows for movement of blood into ventricles

26
Q

What sound is heard in the rapid passive filling phase (abnormal)

A

S3- gallop
Sound is heard due to ventricular turbulence while filling - due to mitral valve incompetence or ventricular dilatation

27
Q

How is rapid passive filling shown on ECG

A

Occurs during isoelectric (flat) ECG between cardiac cycles

28
Q

Changes in pressure and volume during rapid passive filling

A

slow increase in ventricular pressure
increase in ventricular volume
fall in atrial pressure

29
Q

What is reduced passive filling

A

Also known as Diastasis
the remaining blood in atrium ejected at a slowed rate

30
Q

Changes in pressure and volume during reduced passive filling

A

-slow increase in ventricular pressure
-small increase in ventricular volume

Cardiovascular and Respiratory medicine (2 decks)

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