Cardiac Appraisal

Question 1

What is morbidity and what does it measure?

Answer 1

Measurement of co-diseases that effect the quality of life and progression of other diseases.

Measures:
Function
Symptoms
Hospitalization
Exacerbation
Bleeding

Question 2

What are hard outcomes?

Answer 2

Clinical events either fatal or non fatal that effect the total mortality of the patient

MI
Stroke
Etc.

Question 3

What are soft outcomes?

Answer 3

Measured as surrogate or substitute end points for example lipid levels.

Question 4

What is relative risk (RR)?

Answer 4

The risk of events among patients receiving new treatment relative to the risk amount patients of the control group. In other works how likely the risk group is to have the studied outcome compared to people not at risk.

Question 5

What is relative risk reduction?

Answer 5

The number of people who should not have had an event in the control group had they been treated.

The greater the relative risk reduction the more effective the therapy.

Question 6

What is absolute risk reduction (ARR)?

Answer 6

The risk difference between the proportion of people who had an event in the control group and the proportion who had an event in the experimental group.

Question 7

What is a hazard ratio (HR)?

Answer 7

Relative risk during a specific period, meaning this is a time to event analysis.

Question 8

What is an odds ratio

Answer 8

The odds of having vs not having an event

Question 9

What is the number needed to treat (NNT)?

Answer 9

The number of patients needed to treat to prevent 1 adverse outcome in a given time of follow up.