Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Human Physiology > Cardiac and Vascular Physiology > Flashcards

Cardiac and Vascular Physiology Flashcards

1
Q

When does the heartbeat start?

A

Day 22 of embryonic development

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

When is the conduction system made?

A

5th week of embryonic development

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

When are the aortic arch and veins made

A

6-8 weeks of embryonic development

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

When is everything fully formed?

A

8th week of embryonic development

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What is electrocardiography?

A

The measure of cardiac electrical activity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What is an auscultation test?

A

Listening to cardiac sounds via a stethoscope

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What is a cardiac unltrasound?

A

Imaging - wall thickness, chamber size and blood flow

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What is positron emission tomography?

A

Radioactive tracers that identify cellular activity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What is angiography?

A

X-ray imaging of coronary vessels

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What is cardiac catheterisation?

A

Insertion of catheters into cardiac chambers to measure pressures

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

How can cardiac function be altered?

A

Because of environment - O2 levels, electrolytes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What can cardiac function changes do?

A

Damage, e.g. Ischaemic heart disease, causing rhythm disorders and structural changes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Can cardiac function be abnormal from birth?

A

Yes, congenital disease

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What is the primary pacemaker?

A

Sinoatrial Node (SAN)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What do connexins do?

A

Form gap junctions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What do gap junctions do?

A

They control electrical coupling between cardiac cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Which connexins are high conduction and where are they common?

A

CX40 and CX43, peripheral node

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Which connexin has low conduction and where are they common?

A

CX45, central node

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What is sinus arrhythmia?

A

Heart rate increases when breathing in

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What is hyperkalemia?

A

Too much potassium - >5.5mEq/L

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What can hyperkalemia do?

A

Weak pulse, muscle weakness, fatigue, tingling, bradycardia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What is hypokalemia?

A

Potassium lower than 3.5mEq/L

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What does hypokalemia cause?

A

Arrythmia and ectopic beats

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

What are some causes of AV block?

A

Surgery
Beta-blockers
Lupus
Myocardial infraction

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

What is atrial fibrilation?

A

Supraventricular tachyarrhythmia characterized by uncoordinated arterial activation and constant arterial deterioration

26
Q

What are some symptoms of arterial fibrillation

A

Palpitations - sudden or irregular
Pulse deficit
Dyspnoea
Ischaemic stroke

27
Q

What can cause atrial fibrillation?

A

Alterations in ion channel function and activity
Altered conduction
Fibrosis and structural changes

28
Q

What is premature ventricular conraction?

A

Depolarisation that occurs from a ventricular site

29
Q

What are some characteristics of ventricular rhythms?

A

Asymptomatic
Sudden cardiac death
Haemodynamic instability

30
Q

What is monomorphic ventricular tachycardia?

A

A common form of ventricular tachycardia
Wide complex
Can lead to sudden cardiac death

31
Q

What is polymorphic ventricular tachycardia

A

Long QT syndrome
Genetic - mutations in ion channels
Acquired - drug interactions - chlorpromazine

32
Q

What is ventricular fibrillation?

A

Rapid diagnosed ventricular rhythm
No discernible waveforms or rhythm
150-500 undulations per minute
Complete loss of cardiac output

33
Q

What is cardiac output?

A

Stroke Volume (mL/min) x Heart Rate (BPM)

34
Q

What is the primary function of the cardiovascular system?

A

To supply blood to the peripheral tissues throughout different conditions

35
Q

What different systems are required for the cardiovascular system?

A

Myocardium
Neural and humoral factors
Circulating blood volume
Peripheral vascular compliance and resistance

36
Q

What is stroke volume?

A

The volume of blood ejected from a ventricle in a single beat

37
Q

What is stroke volume controlled by?

A

Preload
Afterload
Inotropy

38
Q

How does preload increase stroke volume?

A

Preload increases end diastolic volume (EDV), which increases Stroke volume

39
Q

What is the length-tension relationship?

A

Tension varies with amount of stretch

40
Q

What does Optimal length L0 mean?

A

The length at which fibre develops greatest tension

41
Q

What does EDV stand for?

A

End diastolic volume, which determines how stretched the muscle is

42
Q

What is Starling’s Law of afterload?

A

Increasing afterload or decreasing inotropy will shift the curve, resulting in a lower stroke volume

43
Q

How is Ejection fraction calculated?

A

EF = SV/EDV x 100 (%)

44
Q

What would an increase in inotropy do to the Starling curve?

A

Increase SV

45
Q

What would a decrease in inotropy do to the Starling curve?

A

Decrease SV

46
Q

What is the drug Dobutamine used for?

A

Treatment of acute, moderately decompensated heart failure

47
Q

What is cardiovascular disease (CVD)?

A

A term that describes a range of conditions that affect the heart, blood vessels, or both

48
Q

How many deaths in the UK is CVD responsible for?

A

Almost 25%

49
Q

What are the requirements of cardiac energy?

A

Oxygen
ATP provided for priming myosin head
Oxidative phosphorylation in mitochondria
Creatine kinase transfers phosphate to ADP to maintain cellular ATP

50
Q

What is the coronary arterial supply?

A

The arterial supply that arises just past the aortic valves, supplying 70-80ml/min to 400ml/min

51
Q

What is the cardiac muscle very efficient at?

A

Extracting oxygen

52
Q

What is the only way to increase oxygen delivery to the muscles?

A

Increase flow - hyperaemia

53
Q

How does lactate build up?

A

An increase in anaerobic glycolysis, but not pyruvate oxidation

54
Q

What does a build-up of lactate cause?

A

Reduced mitochondrial production of ATP through oxidative phosphorylation

55
Q

What is Ischaemia?

A

Reduced blood flow - reduced oxygen and nutrients

56
Q

What happens with acute coronary vessel occlusion

A

Cardiac pain
Impaired mitochondrial activity
Hypoxia/anoxia
Intracellular acidosis - H+ competes with CA2+ for binding sites on Troponin C
Increase intracellular calcium
Increase in adenosine
Decrease in ATP
Na+, K+ and ATPase pump inhibited
Increase in K+ reduced action potential amplitude, pro-arrhythmic
Gap junctions uncouple, arrhythmia

57
Q

What does ischaemia increase?

A

Sympathetic nervous system activation
Increased ventricular action potential plateau
Increased intracellular calcium
DADs and EADs
Generation of arrythmias and conduction defects

58
Q

When and where is ST elevation seen?

A

On an ECG during myocardial infraction

59
Q

What is the effect of ischaemic changes?

A

Free radicals damage plasma membrane
Mitochondrial swelling - impaired ATP production
Activation of caspases and proteases, cytoskeletal disruption
Apoptotic pathway

60
Q

What is revascularisation?

A

Restoring blood supply to the cardiac tissue can increase the amount of cardiac tissue that survives

61
Q

What does the insertion of a stent do?

A

Opens coronary vessel, increasing coronary flow

62
Q

Slide 85

A

Human Physiology (3 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions