Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

DWT exam 3 > Cardiac and hemostatic toxins, heavy metals > Flashcards

Cardiac and hemostatic toxins, heavy metals Flashcards

1
Q

Toxicants that cause Cardiotoxicity

A

Beta-Blockers
Calcium Channel Blockers
Zinc/Aluminum Phosphide
Sodium Monofluoroacetate (1080)
Yew Plants

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

toxicants that cause RBC hemolysis

A

Onions/Garlic (Dogs)
Red Maple (Horses)
Chlorates
Copper
Zinc
Snake Envenomation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

toxins that cause Methemoglobinemia

A

Acetaminophen
Onions/Garlic (Dogs)
Phenol Disinfectants
Chlorates
Zinc/Aluminum Phosphide
Nitrates (Ruminants)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Know what toxin is present in yew plants that is responsible for their cardiotoxicity and Explain how the toxins in yew plants affects the heart rate in poisoned animals

A

Taxines
Ca+2 and Na+ channel antagonists/blockers
* Increases cytoplasmic calcium > decreased calcium in cardiomyocytes and in arteries
* Decreased smooth muscle contraction decreased heart contractility, increased vasodilation & hypotension
* Bradycardia, vasodilation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Explain how red maple leaves cause hemolysis in horses

A

Bacteria in ileum convert gallic acids/tannins to pyrogallol > oxidizing agent
RBC membrane damage = hemolysis (acute hemolytic anemia)
Oxidation of hemoglobin = Heinz body anemia (denatured hemoglobin) with or without methemoglobinemia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Know the mechanism of toxicity of anticoagulant rodenticides and antidote

A

vitamin K antagonists
* Inhibit vitamin K-epoxide reductase (VKOR) in the liver
* Depletion of active vitamin K-dependent clotting factors: Factors II, VII, IX, X, Protein C, Protein S

antidote= vitamin K

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Know what clinical laboratory tests that should be performed to assess exposure to and recovery from anticoagulant rodenticide toxicity and which is best for early detection

A

PT: early detection (factor 7-extrinsic depletes fastest)
PTT
ACT

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Explain why ruminants are susceptible to nitrate toxicity
and recommended treatments

A

Rumen microflora converts: Nitrate > Nitrite > Ammonia > Protein
Intake of nitrate and conversion to nitrite exceed microflora capacity to reduce nitrite
* Nitrites absorbed into blood and oxidize hemoglobin (Fe+2 > Fe+3)
* Methemoglobin and RBCs cannot release oxygen to tissues
* Vasodilation, methemoglobinemia, hypoxia

Treatment: IV 1 % - 2 % Methylene blue, Vitamin C

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Know what distinguishes a venom from poison

A

Poison: A toxin/toxicant that enters the body through being ingested, absorbed through the skin, inhaled

Venom: A toxin that enters the body through injection

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Know the 4 types of enzymatic proteins in pit viper venom

A

Coagulants: use up clotting factors
hemorrhagins/hemolytics: damage blood vessels
mycotoxins: destruction of muscle
cytotoxins: necrosis and breakdown of proteins

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Know the 2 types of pit vipers most commonly found in Virginia

A

Copperheads
Timber rattlesnakes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Know what part of the body that animals, particularly dogs and horses, are most commonly bitten by pit vipers

A

face, extremities

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Describe the clinical presentation of diarrhea associated with some arsenic cases

A

Movement of fluids in to GI mucosa causes swelling
Loss of GI mucosa = “bloody rice water” diarrhea: huge loss of fluids, hypovolemia & shock

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Know the most common source of arsenic poisoning in animals

A

water/soil, commercial products, pesticides
cattle: Ashes from burned, treated wood

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

arsenic mechanism

A

Inhibits ATP synthesis
makes reactive oxygen species= damage to DNA, RNA, proteins

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Know the preferred chelator used to treat arsenic toxicity in large animals

A

Sodium Thiosulfate
Binds free arsenic

17
Q

Explain what copper storage disease is in dogs and how it occurs

A

Autosomal recessive trait due to lack of a gene (COMMD1) coding for a liver protein involved in excretion of copper in bile

Livers abnormally accumulate copper
Hepatitis and progressive scarring and cirrhosis

18
Q

Describe the 2 phases of chronic toxicity that occur with copper toxicosis

A
  1. Accumulation or pre-hemolytic phase
    Accumulates in liver if inadequate biliary excretion
  2. Hemolytic phase > hepatic necrosis, nephrotoxicity
19
Q

Explain why sheep are more susceptible to copper toxicity when compared to other animals

A

sheep cannot excrete copper into bile efficiently in response to dietary increase
accumulates in liver > copper dumps into blood
* hemolysis

20
Q

Explain how molybdenum can affect copper absorption and utilization in animals

A

Molybdenum is a copper antagonist
* When present in high concentrations, copper utilization and absorption is decreased
* When present at low concentrations, copper accumulation increases
* Occurs when copper to molybdenum ratio is > 10:1 in the feed

21
Q

Know the preferred chelators used to treat copper toxicity

A

D-penicillamine or Trientine

22
Q

Know the preferred chelator used to treat iron toxicity

A

Deferoxamine mesylate (Desferal®)
Siderophore – specifically binds iron

23
Q

Iron mechanism of toxicity

A

Direct corrosive action on the gastrointestinal tract due to lipid peroxidation
metabolic acidosis

24
Q

Know the most common source of lead poisoning in large animals (cattle)

A

Lead containing batteries, Lead shot

25
Q

Explain why young animals exposed to lead will primarily exhibit neurological clinical signs

A

Younger animals more readily absorb lead in GI tract
Blood brain barrier immature > lead crosses over into CNS

26
Q

Know the distribution of lead in an animal’s body after it is absorbed into the blood stream

A

Bound to hemoglobin
distributes to:
* liver
* brain
* kidney
* bone

27
Q

Explain how calcium disodium EDTA treats lead toxicosis

A

removes lead from bones/tissues

28
Q

Know the most common source of zinc poisoning in animals

A

U.S. Pennies minted after 1982

29
Q

Which heavy metal causes Nephrotoxicity

A

arsenic
copper
lead
mercury
zinc

30
Q

which heavy metals cause Hepatotoxicity

A

arsenic
copper
iron
lead
zinc

31
Q

which heavy metals cause Gastrointestinal toxicity

A

arsenic
copper
iron
lead
mercury
NaCl

32
Q

which heavy metals cause Red blood cell hemolysis

A

zinc
copper

33
Q

which heavy metal causes Metabolic acidosis

A

iron

DWT exam 3 (14 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions