Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

BS V, Module I > Cardiac Anatomy Pt. I > Flashcards

Cardiac Anatomy Pt. I Flashcards

1
Q

The THORAX

Surrounded by the the bony thoracic cage, the thorax contains two
PULMONARY CAVITIES
separated by a midline soft tissue partition, the ____

A

mediastinum

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

The pulmonary cavities are found on either side of the mediastinum
in the thorax

Each cavity is filled with a fibroserous
____
that lines both the cavity and the lung contained within

A

pleural sac

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

The
mediastinum
extends from ____ to the diaphragm

A

superior thoracic aperture

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

The plane of the ____ or ____… (T4/5)

…divides the mediastinum into

superior and inferior positions

A

manubriosternal joint

sternal angle

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

This plane is also significant in regard to mediastinal viscera and vasculature:

* \_\_\_\_ bifurcation
* Divisions of the \_\_\_\_
A

tracheal

thoracic aorta

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Contents of the MEDIASTINUM

TABLE!

A

YAY

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

The SUPERIOR MEDIASTINUM contains an abundance of neurovascular and visceral structures with which you are familiar, transitioning between the thorax and the root of neck through the ____

Note that the fibrous pericardial sac is continuous with the ____ of the great vessels

A

superior thoracic aperture

tunica adventitia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

The MIDDLE MEDIASTINUM contains the FIBROUS PERICARDIAL SAC and its contents:

* \_\_\_\_
* Coronary arteries
* \_\_\_\_
* Roots of the great vessels
A

heart

cardiac veins

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

The FIBROUS PERICARDIAL SAC

Collagenous and ____

Firmly attached to the central ____ of the diaphragm

The sac is lined with a parietal layer of ____

A

non-distensable
tendon
mesothelial serous pericardium

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Do you remember the PHRENIC NERVES, arising as branches of the cervical plexus?

* \_\_\_\_ innervate the diaphragm
* \_\_\_\_ innervate the parietal layer of serous pericardium

____ is painful and diagnostically “problematic”

A

somatic efferents
somatic afferents
pericarditis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

The surface of the heart is lined with a ____ LAYER of ____ PERICARDIUM

This layer of tissue is also known as ____

Parietal and Visceral layers are continuous with each other around the ____ of the great vessels

A

visceral
serous
epicardium
roots

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Between the parietal and visceral layers of the serous pericardium lies the ____ normally filled with a thin layer of serous fluid

Pericardial effusion
leads to ____

* \_\_\_\_
* Dyspnea
* Compromised \_\_\_\_ efficiency
* Heart failure
* Increased \_\_\_\_ by pressure noted by \_\_\_\_ vein distention
A 
pericardial cavity
cardiac tamponade
pain
cardiac
venous pressure
jugular
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

FIBROUS SKELETON of the heart
This dense connective tissue network reinforces the myocardium ____ and anchors the ____.

Collagen and elastin fibers form ____ rings surrounding all cardiac valves like two pairs of ____.

A

internally
myocardial fibers
four
handcuffs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q 
Fatigue resistant
ventricular myocardium
has traditionally been described as being
arranged \_\_\_\_ around the fibrous
skeleton...

The myocardium extends to the ____ of the great vessels

…particularly at the ____

A

helically
roots
vortex

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Where is the heart located and how is it oriented in relation to the thoracic wall and other thoracic viscera?

Right: ____
Left: ____

A

1/3

2/3

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

STERNOCOSTAL surface of the heart

RIGHT BORDER
____

INFERIOR BORDER
____, R. ventricle, l____

LEFT BORDER
____, auricle of left atrium

The borders of the heart delineate the “____” seen on standard PA chest radiographs

A

right atrium
right atrium
left ventricle
left ventricle

cardiac shadow

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

The heart may be though of as shaped like a child’s spinning top…

…with a ____ and an APEX…

…and for additional surfaces

A

base

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

The apex of the heart is normally found in the ____ intercostal space along the mid-clavicular line

Apex may deviate further to the left in larger people - ____

A

left 5th

cardiomegaly

19
Q

A posterior view of the heart shows us…

The BASE formed primarily by the ____

The DIAPHRAGMATIC (INFERIOR) SURFACE
formed by the \_\_\_\_
A

left atrium

ventricles

20
Q

The atria are separated from the ventricles
by a deep ____

The ventricles are separated from each other by a shallow ____

These grooves carry major ____ and cardiac veins

A

coronary (atrioventricular) sulcus
interventricular sulcus
coronary arteries

21
Q

The sulci transmit the major coronary arteries responsible for perfusion of the ____, as well as ____

In life, these vessels
lie in a plane between the ____ and myocardium… Embedded in variable amounts of ____…

Significant when considering when the filling of these vessels occurs during the ____

A

myocardium
cardiac veins

epicardium
fat

22
Q

In most individuals, TWO coronary arteries arise from the ____, a dilation
of the vessel at the base of the ____ aorta

A

aortic sinus

ascending

23
Q

The CRUX of the heart is where the two sulci meet branches of the two ____ may anastomose here variably

A

coronary arteries

24
Q

Note the abundance of vessels descending toward the ____

A

apex

25
Q

The blood supply to the larger, thicker ____ is of particular concern, given the chamber’s role in pumping blood through the systemic circulation

Ventricular
myocardium will
contract sequentially:
• from the \_\_\_\_ toward the base
• from deep (\_\_\_\_) to superficial
A

apex

IV septum and papillary muscles

26
Q

Commonly, the left ventricle receives oxygenated blood from branches of both coronary arteries, a so-called ____ distribution, however…

A

balanced

27
Q

Coronary artery “dominance” is
defined in terms of which coronary artery
supplies the ____

The implications
are obvious when
considering the
potential
consequences of
\_\_\_\_
A

posterior descending (posterior interventricular) artery/PDA

coronary artery disease (CAD)

28
Q

Although the distal coronary arteries are connected by structural ____, they are best considered
as ____ arteries from
a functional standpoint

Note: gradual occlusion of these vessels does allow for development of ____ circulation circumventing the narrowed segment

A

anastomoses
end
collateral

29
Q

Coronary Artery Disease

• Coronary circulation is not ____: although there are structural anastomoses between blood vessels supplying the myocardium, sudden occlusion of a coronary artery will ____,
or deny blood to an area of myocardium, ultimately leading to ____.

• The most common cause of compromised coronary circulation is athersclerosis of the ____ which causes a progressive narrowing of the lumina due to accumulation of plaque-like deposits, reducing cardiac blood flow and causing
ischemic heart disease.

• Partial occlusion of a coronary artery resulting in myocardial ischemia may produce the pain of ____, initially induced by ____ but eventually persisting at rest.

A

redundant
infarct
necrosis

coronary arteries

angina pectoris
physical exercise

30
Q

The ____ is often referred to as “the widow maker”

The ____ is the #1 site for coronary artery occlusion due to the accumulation of atherosclerotic plaque

A

anterior interventricular (LAD)

LAD

31
Q

Percutaneous coronary intervention such as ____ and ____ may open narrowed coronary arteries

A

balloon angioplasty

stenting

32
Q

The CORONARY SINUS lies in the left coronary sulcus, superficial to the ____

Sinus?
Sinus was defined by the fact that they had no ____ in their veins

The CORONARY SINUS receives deoxygenated blood from virtually all ____ draining the
myocardium and returns it to the ____

So three significant vessels drain into the ____…

A

circumflex artery
smooth muscle
cardiac veins
right atrium

right atrium

33
Q

Venous blood from the head, neck and upper extremities drains into the ____

Venous blood
from abdominopelvic viscera and the lower extremities drains into the ____

A

superior vena cava

inferior vena cava

34
Q

The coronary sinus is formed by the confluence of the ____ and the ____

____ uniquely drain the free wall of the right ventricle directly into the right atrium

A

great cardiac vein
oblique vein of the left atrium
anterior cardiac veins

35
Q

THEBESIAN VEINS
return blood from the capillary bed in the muscular cardiac wall
directly into all chambers of the heart via openings in the ____

A

endocardium

36
Q

The atria are separated by
a thin ____

The ventricles are separated by an ____ with thin membranous and thick muscular parts

A

interartrial septum

interventricular septum

37
Q

Deoxygenated blood enters the right atrium from:
• ____
• ____
• ____

A

superior vena cava
inferior vena cava
coronary sinus

38
Q

The RIGHT ATRIUM
1. Has a smooth walled
portion continuous with the vena cavae (____)
2. Has a corrugated part-
the ____ - continuous with the auricle
3. The parts are separated by the ____
4. The interatrial septum features the ____
5. Most venous blood drained from the myocardium enters the atrium through the ____
6. Blood passes out of the right atrium through the ____ and enters the…

A

sinus venarum
pectinate muscle
crista terminalis
fossa ovalis

ostium of the coronary sinus
right atrioventricular orifice

39
Q

FOSSA OVALIS is a remnant of the ____, which shunted foetal blood, primarily entering the heart through the ____, around the non-functional pulmonary circulation

As we will discuss in our next lecture… establishment of the pulmonary circulation with the ____ normally leads to “functional closure of the foramen ovale

A

foramen ovale
IVC
breath

40
Q 
The RIGHT VENTRICLE 
1. Features a thick wall with
an irregular endocardial
surface formed by the
\_\_\_\_
2. Contains the structures of the \_\_\_\_ guarding the \_\_\_\_ atrioventricular orifice
3. The \_\_\_\_ (moderator band)
  1. Tapers into a smooth
    ____ (infundibulum) directing blood to the base of the pulmonary trunk and the pulmonary valve
A

trabeculae carnae
tricuspid valve
right

septomarginal trabecula
conus arteriosus

41
Q

The three thin, elastic cusps of the right atrioventricular (TRICUSPID) valve attach
to a ____ surrounding the orifice

Papillary muscles are attached to the cusps via the ____

A 
fibrous ring (anulus)
chordae tendinae
42
Q

The chordae are tensed by the contraction of the ____ and the free wall of the ____, to prevent ____ of the cusps into the right atrium during ventricular contraction

A

papillary muscles
ventricle
prolapse

43
Q

The pulmonary (pulmonic) valve is one of two
____ valves
found in the heart

A

semilunar

44
Q

The pulmonary trunk courses ____ and ____ before bifurcating into the left and right pulmonary arteries

A

superiorly

posteriorly

BS V, Module I (15 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions