Cardiac Anatomy and Physiology

Question 1

Which layer of the heart encloses the heart and vessels

Answer 1

Pericardium
Visceral- inner layer, adheres to heart
Parietal- outer fibrous, attaches to sternum and mediastinum (R and L pleurae)

Question 2

What is between the visceral and parietal pericardium

Answer 2

Pericardial fluid, allows the heart to beat without friction

Question 3

What is the thickest layer of the heart wall

Answer 3

myocardium

Question 4

What empties deoxygenated blood into the R atrium

Answer 4

Coronary sinus, SVC, IVC

Question 5

What seperates the left and right atrium

Answer 5

interatrial septum

Question 6

What valve opens from the right atrium to the right ventricle

Answer 6

Tricuspid valve (3 papillary muscles)

Question 7

What prevents regurgitation in the right atria

Answer 7

The papillary muscles in the right ventricle contract, tighten cordae tendinae, and align the tricuspid valve leaflets to prevent regurgitation

Question 8

What deliver blood to the left atrium

Answer 8

Four pulmonary veins

Question 9

Is the left or right atrium/ ventricles thicker

Answer 9

Left atrium and ventricle are thicker– higher pressure consistantly

Question 10

What valve seperates the left atrium and ventricle

Answer 10

Mitral valve- 2 papillary muscles (bicuspid)

Question 11

Is the aortic valve tricuspid or bicuspid

Answer 11

tricuspid

Question 12

Track the electrical impulses through the heart

Answer 12

SA node, AV node, Bundle of HIS–> R and L bundle branches, Purkinje fibres

Question 13

Chronotropic vs inotropic effects

Answer 13

Chronotropic: Increase Heart rate
Inotropic: Increase contraction

Question 14

Describe the coronary arteries’ function and their unique filling property

Answer 14

They supply oxygen and nutrients to the heart, fill during diastole (All other arteries fill during systole)

Question 15

Left main branches off the left aortic root to divide into what

Answer 15

Left anterior descending artery and Left circumflex artery

Question 16

Right main branches off the left aortic root to divide into what

Answer 16

Right coronary artery branches off right aortic root and divides into posterior descending artery and posterolateral artery

Question 17

What are the ions of importance in excitation contraction coupling

Answer 17

Calcium, Sodium, Potassium, and Magnesium (Mg is a cofactor for K)

Question 18

What structure prevents impulse transmission to ventricles except through AV node

Answer 18

Fibrous tissue rings

Question 19

What creates the sound of S1

Answer 19

Mitral valve closes

Question 20

What creates the sound of S2

Answer 20

Aortic valve closes

Question 21

What are the causes of Gallops in the heart (Sounds)

Answer 21

S3 or S4
Common in someone who is in heart failure

Question 22

What does valsalva menuver change

Answer 22

Preload, blood flow
This Helps to determine the different types of murmurs

Question 23

Most common cause of mitral stenosis

Answer 23

Rheumatic fever

Question 24

Which cardiac disorder is connected to strokes?

Answer 24

A- fib: causes blood to clot and when clot leaves the heart can cause stroke in the brain

Question 25

Which patients should undergo a chest X ray

Answer 25

All patients with chest pain-- even if the cause of the pain is suspected to be MI

Question 27

You get a chest X ray for a pt with chest pain and the pt has a widened mediastinum, what are you concerned about?

Answer 27

Aortic dissection

Question 28

If your patient has peribronchial cuffing and Kerley's lines, what stage are they in of pulmonary edema

Answer 28

They are in stage 2, which is interstitial edema. Caused by increased hydrostatic pressures

Question 29

Rib notching is seen with what change in the aorta

Answer 29

Coarctation- narrowing.