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Human Anatomy and Physiology > Cardiac Anatomy and Physiology > Flashcards

Cardiac Anatomy and Physiology Flashcards

1
Q

Where is the Heart found?

A

Thoracic cavity.

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2
Q

The Heart sits ______ to the Vertebral Column

A

Anteriorly

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3
Q

The Heart sits ______ to the diaphram

A

Superior

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4
Q

Which intercostal space does the Apex of the Heart lie?

A

5th Intercostal space (also lies along mid clavicle line)

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5
Q

Which intercostal space does the base of the Heart lie?

A

2nd / 3rd Intercostal space

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6
Q

What is the name of the Sac that surrounds the heart?

A

Pericardium

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7
Q

The Pericardium’s function is….

A

To protect heart from frictions with surrounding organs

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8
Q

The two layers of the Pericardium is called…

A

Fibrous pericardium and epicardium

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9
Q

Which Veins supply right aria with deoxygenated blood?

A

Superior and Inferior vena cava.

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10
Q

Which Artery carries oxygenated blood away from left ventricle ?

A

Aorta.

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11
Q

What are the 4 Chambers of the Heart?

A
  1. Right Atrium
  2. Right Ventricle
  3. Left Atrium
  4. Left Ventricle
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12
Q

Which artery carries deoxygenated blood away from Right Ventricle?

A

Pulmonary Artery

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13
Q

The Pulmonary Artery delivers _______ blood to the __________

A
  1. Deoxygenated
  2. Lungs
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14
Q

________ Blood is delivered back to the _____ Atrium by the _____________

A
  1. Oxygenated
  2. Left
  3. Pulmonary vein
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15
Q

Where does the right ventricle pump blood too?

A

The Lungs and close organs.

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16
Q

Where does the left ventricle pump blood too?

A

The rest of body.

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17
Q

What valves are on the Right side of heart?

A
  1. Tricuspid Valve
  2. Pulmonary Semilunar Valve
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18
Q

What valves are on Left side of heart?

A
  1. Bicuspid Valve / Mitral
  2. Aortic Semilunar Valve
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19
Q

What is function of Coronary Arteries?

A

Vessels on surface of heart to supply heart with blood.

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20
Q

What is the function of Coronary Veins?

A

Carries deoxygenated blood from myocardium and empties them into right atria / ventricle

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21
Q

What is the function of Coronary Sinus?

A

Draining of deoxygenated blood from heart muscles back into right atria.

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22
Q

What is a difference in structure of Right Ventricle and Left Ventricle?

A

Left Ventricle has thicker ventricle walls.

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23
Q

The ________ divides the left and right sides of the heart…

A

Septum

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24
Q

Valves are tethered in place by _________ _________

A

Chordae tendineae.

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25
Q

What is the function of Chordae Tendineae?

A
  1. Attach AV valves to the walls of the ventricles.
  2. Prevent valves prolapsing - blood back backflow
26
Q

What are the muscle layers of the Heart?

A
  1. Epicardium (outer layer)
  2. Myocardium (mid layer)
  3. Endocardium (inner layer)
27
Q

What fatty tissue surrounds the Heart?

A

Adipose Tissue.

28
Q

The Heart is __________

A

Myogenic

  • initiates own electrochemical impulse
29
Q

Heart beat is caused by…..

A

Excitable tissue (automaticity) and action potentials

30
Q

The Refractory period is……

A

250ms

31
Q

When does the Refractory period occur?

A

At AV (tricuspid) valve

32
Q

How is the impulse conducted?

A

Down the inter ventricular septum and out bundle of HIS

33
Q

What stimulates contractibility of both ventricles?

A

Purkijie Fibres

34
Q

The refractory period when another AP cannot be stimulated is called…..

A

Absolute Refractory Period

35
Q

The refractory period when another AP can be stimulated is called…..

A

Relative Refractory Period

36
Q

What happens during P stage?

A

Sinoatrial node depolarises and atria contract

37
Q

P-Q stage?

A

Time taken for signal to reach Atrioventricular node from SA node

38
Q

Q stage?

A

Depolarisation of Inter ventricular Septum?

39
Q

R stage?

A

Depolarisation of Bible of HIS

40
Q

QRS stage?

A

Depolarisation of both Ventricles

41
Q

Q - T stage?

A

Time of ventricular contraction and relaxation.

(Systole and Diastole)

42
Q

T stage?

A

Ventricular repolarisation immediately before relaxation.

43
Q

Systole is when….

A

Ventricles contract

44
Q

Diastole is when….

A

Ventricles relax

45
Q

What happens in Early Systole?

A
  • Volume in ventricle is at max
  • Pressure is higher than in atria
  • Ventricles beginning to contract
  • QRS wave in ECG
  • Bicuspid valve shut
  • Aortic semilunar valve open
46
Q

What happens in Systole?

A
  • Blood pushed out through Aortic Semilunar valve into Aorta
  • Vol of blood falls in ventricles
47
Q

What happens in Late Diastole?

A
  • Aortic pressure higher than ventricular pressure
  • Semilunar valve closed
  • AV valves open from atrial systole
  • Ventricular pressure begins to rise
48
Q

What happens in early Diastole?

A
  • Rapid pressure in relaxing ventricles, less than in atria.
  • Semilunar valve closes
  • Bicuspid valve shut
  • Volume in ventricle at a minimum.
49
Q

What makes the ‘sub’ sound?

A

Closing of semilunar valve

50
Q

What makes the ‘dub’ sound?

A

Bicuspid valve

51
Q

Equation for Cardiac Output…

A

Cardiac Output = Heart Rate x Stroke Volume

  • HR = num of beats per min
  • SV = vol of blood pumped out by a ventricle each beat
52
Q

Which Nerves control Heart Rate?

A
  1. Vegas nerve - parasympathetic activation, +ve, bradycardia
  2. Sympathetic neve - sympathetic activation, -ve, tachycardia
53
Q

A feature of capillaries is they are ____ layer thick…

A

One

54
Q

What is the function of capillaries?

A

Gaseous exchange

55
Q

Blood pressure is the interaction between….

A

The heart and vessels

56
Q

Types and Functions of Blood Vessels…. (5)

A
  1. Artery - elastic and muscular
  2. Arterioles - Smooth muscle, local control of blood
  3. Capillaries - used for gaseous exchange
  4. Venules - recieve blood from capillaries, permeable.
  5. Veins - Large volume, low pressure, store blood.
57
Q

Types of Capillaries (3)

A
  1. Continuous
  2. Fenestrate
  3. Sinusoidal
58
Q

What is a Continuous Capillary?

A
  • Tight endothelia lining
  • Forms blood brain barrier
  • Found in skeleton muscle and brain
59
Q

What is a Fenestrate Capillary?

A
  • Less intact endothelia lining
  • Permit high range of exchange due to ‘leakiness’
  • Found in kidney and intestine
60
Q

What is Sinusoidal Capillary?

A
  • Incomplete endothelial lining
  • Exchange of large molecules and cells
  • Max opportunity to modify blood
  • Found in liver and bone marrow

Human Anatomy and Physiology (3 decks)

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