Cardiac Anatomy and Phys

Question 1

Cardinal symptoms of cardiac dysfunction

Answer 1

FACES

• Fatigue
• Activity limitation
• Congestion - fluid accumulation in lungs
• Edema
• Shortness of Breath

Question 2

How are intercostal spaces numbered?

Answer 2

• numbered according to the rib which forms the superior border of the space
• there are 11 IC spaces (12 ribs)

Question 3

What is the angle of Louis?

Answer 3

sternal angle - anterior angle formed by the junction of the manubrium and the body of the sternum

Question 4

What is behind the angle of louis?

Answer 4

• bifurcation of the trachea into the right and left main stem bronchi
• ascending and descending aorta
• cardiac plexus

Question 5

which ribs attach to the sternum? Which are false ribs?

Answer 5

Ribs 1-7 attach to sternum via coastal cartilage

Ribs 8,9,10 attach to rib above

ribs 11, 12 - false ribs

Question 6

Heart itself lies ______ in the ______ mediastinum. Why?

Answer 6

obliquely in the middle
- allows for functional CPR

Question 7

position of heart

Answer 7

• obliquely in the middle mediastinum
• 2/3s is located to the left of sternum
• points slightly anteriorly
• extends from 2nd to 5th intercostal space

Question 8

anterior axillary line

Answer 8

imaginary line that starts from the lateral end of the clavicle, lateral edge of the pec major

Question 9

midaxillary line

Answer 9

imaginary line between the anterior axillary line and the posterior axillary line

Question 10

posterior axillary line

Answer 10

marked by the posterior axillary fold (lat dorsi and teres major muscles)

Question 11

midclavicular line

Answer 11

imaginary line parallel to the long axis of the body and passing through the midpoint of the clavicle on the ventral surface of the body

Question 12

movement of the _______ causes cardiac movement

Answer 12

diaphragm

Question 13

What is the tough connective tissue around the heart? What does it do?

Answer 13

fibrous pericardium - prevents over filling of the heart

Question 14

least vascular layer of the heart

Answer 14

epicardium (visceral pericardium)

Question 15

workhorse of the heart

Answer 15

myocardium - thickest region of the heart and contains the myocytes

Question 16

most vascular region of the heart

Answer 16

endocardium - covers the valves and is continuous with the endothelium layer of the vessels

Question 17

What layer has the most damage after an MI? Least damage?

Answer 17

Most - endocardium (inner and most vascularized)

Least - epicardium (outer and least vascularized)

Question 18

auricles

Answer 18

small earlike extension that expand volume in the right atrium
- manage preload

Question 19

What drives heart rate in transplant patients?

Answer 19

SA node

Question 20

What does the AV node do? What happens when it is damaged?

Answer 20

• transfers signal from the atria to ventricles

if damaged, atria and ventricles don’t contract at the same speed

Question 21

Increased pulmonary pressures ↑ work load on the RV resulting in ___________

Answer 21

cor pulmonale

Question 22

Where is Left atrium in reference to ribs?

Answer 22

lies just below the 2nd rib

Question 23

What forms the bridge between the LV and the ascending aorta and contains the aortic valve

Answer 23

aortic root

Question 24

when does blood flow to the heart occur?

Answer 24

during diastole
- blood flow is occluded during systole

Question 25

T/F: Mediastinum contains all organs of the thorax

Answer 25

false, contains everything but lungs

Question 26

when does blood flow peak?

Answer 26

ventricular systole due to increased pressure in the aorta and its distal branches

Question 27

when do the coronary arteries receive blood?

Answer 27

diastole
- blood flow to the heart is occluded during systole

Question 28

What artery perfuses the right atrium and SA node?

Answer 28

right coronary artery

Question 29

What artery perfuses the left ventricle?

Answer 29

anterior interventricular artery off of the left coronary artery

Question 30

What are the 2 branches off of the left coronary artery?

Answer 30

• anterior interventricular artery
• circumflex artery

Question 31

blood moves from an area of ________ pressure to an area of _______ pressure

Answer 31

blood moves from high pressure to low pressure

Question 32

positive chronotripic effect does what to HR?

Answer 32

increases HR
- sympathetic nervous systemt

Question 33

negative chronotropic effect does what to HR?

Answer 33

decreases HR
- parasympathetic