Cardiac Anatomy

Question 1

Which structures return deoxygenated blood to the right side of the heart from systemic circulation?

Answer 1

The superior and inferior vena cava

Question 2

Which structures does the IVC drain?

Answer 2

abdomen, lower limbs and pelvis

Question 3

Which structures does the SVC drain?

Answer 3

Head, neck, upper limbs

Question 4

Deoxygenated blood leaves the right side of the heart via which structure?

Answer 4

The pulmonary artery

Question 5

Oxygenated blood (from the lungs) enters the left side of the heart via which structure?

Answer 5

The pulmonary veins (there are 4)

Question 6

The pulmonary veins drain into which specific chamber of the heart?

Answer 6

The left atrium

Question 7

The ventricular walls are thicker (naturally) on which side of the heart?

Answer 7

The left side - blood must enter into systemic circulation which requires the left side of the heart to generate a more forceful contraction.

Question 8

Name the 4 valves in the heart.

Answer 8

Tricuspid valve, pulmonic valve, mitral valve and the aortic valve.

Question 9

Which structures are separated via the pulmonic valve?

Answer 9

The right ventricle and pulmonary artery

Question 10

Which structures are separated via the tricuspid valve?

Answer 10

The right atrium and right ventricle.

Question 11

Which structures are separated via the aortic valve?

Answer 11

The left ventricle and aorta

Question 12

Which structures are separated via the mitral valve?

Answer 12

The left atrium and left ventricle.

Question 13

How many cusps or leaflets are in a typical valve?

Answer 13

There are typically 3 valves - however the mitral valve has 2 cusps.

Question 14

Which of the following is most anterior to the chest wall?
A) right ventricle
B) left ventricle
C) left atrium

Answer 14

A) Right ventricle

Question 15

Which structure is directly posterior to the right ventricle?

Answer 15

The left ventricle

Question 16

Where is the left atrium situated in the chest?

Answer 16

Posterior and left to the left ventricle

Question 17

Which structure is directly behind the left atrium

Answer 17

Oesophagus

Question 18

Which structures does the oesophagus sit between?

Answer 18

The left atrium and the aorta

Question 19

How many main vessels arise from the aorta to directly supply blood to the heart?

Answer 19

2 - The left and right coronary arteries

Question 20

What are the two main arterial branches of the left carotid artery?

Answer 20

The left anterior descending artery and left circumflex coronary artery.

Question 21

Which region of the heart does the LAD supply?

Answer 21

The anterior wall of the left ventricle

Question 22

Which region of the heart does the left circumflex artery supply?

Answer 22

The lateral wall of the left ventricle

Question 23

Which region of the heart does the right coronary artery supply?

Answer 23

It supplies the right side of the heart

Question 24

Which branch of the common carotid artery supplies the inferior side of the left ventricle?

Answer 24

The posterior descending artery.

Question 25

In the majority of people the posterior descending artery arises from which artery?

Answer 25

The right carotid artery.

Question 26

Persons with the posterior descending artery arising from the right carotid artery are called what?

Answer 26

Right-side dominant.

Question 27

In approximately 10% (or the minority) of people the posterior descending artery arises from which artery?

Answer 27

The left circumflex carotid artery (a branch of the left carotid artery).

Question 28

Persons with the posterior descending artery arising from the left circumflex carotid artery are called what?

Answer 28

Left-hand dominant

Question 29

Which structure drains blood directly into the right atrium?

Answer 29

The coronary sinus

Question 30

The coronary sinus is likely to become enlarged due to an increase in pressure in which structure?

Answer 30

The right atrium

Question 31

Which 3 structures are supplied by the LAD?

Answer 31

The anterior wall, apex and anterior septum

Question 32

Which structure is supplied by the left circumflex carotid artery?

Answer 32

Lateral wall

Question 33

Which structures are supplied by the posterior descending artery?

Answer 33

The inferior wall and inferior septum

Question 34

Which artery is most common occluded in a MI?

Answer 34

The left anterior descending artery

Question 35

Which artery is least likely to be occluded in a MI?

Answer 35

The left circumflex carotid artery

Question 36

The mitral valve is anchored to the papillary muscles via which tendons?

Answer 36

Chordae tendineae

Question 37

What are the 2 papillary muscles called?

Answer 37

The anterolateral and posteromedial papillary muscles

Question 38

Which papillary muscle usually has a dual blood supply?

Answer 38

The anterolateral papillary muscle

Question 39

Which vessels supply the anterolateral papillary muscle?

Answer 39

left anterior descending and left circumflex carotid arteries - this increases the diversity of blood supply so if there is occlusion is one vessel it would not result in ischemia or necrosis.

Question 40

Which vessels supply the posteromedial papillary muscle?

Answer 40

The right coronary artery (usually) or the left circumflex artery (less common) - the posteromedial papillary muscle is more vulnerable to ischeamia and likely to rupture when there is a MI.

Question 41

Under normal circumstances, which node primarily generates the electrical impulses of the heart?

Answer 41

The SA node (sinoatrial node)

Question 42

Which are the nodes in order that deliver electrical impulses

Answer 42

SA node, AV node, bundle of His, purkinje fibres

Question 43

Where is the SA node located?

Answer 43

On the right atrium (lateral wall)

Question 44

Where does the impulses from the SA node travel?

Answer 44

To both left and right atria (to left side via Bachman's bundle) - these impulses are unable to pass into the ventricles unless they reach the AV node.

Question 45

Where do impulses from the AV node travel?

Answer 45

To the left and right ventricles via the bundle of his then left and right bundle branches and finally purkinje fibres.

Question 46

Where is the AV node located?

Answer 46

On the interatrial septum.

Question 47

Which coronary artery supplies the SA and AV nodes?

Answer 47

The branches of the right coronary artery

Question 48

Coronary artery blood flow is most prominent during _____(early diastole, late diastole).

Answer 48

Early diastole

Question 49

Coronary vessels are situated on the ________ (subendocardium/epicardium).

Answer 49

Epicardium

Question 50

Which area of the heart receives the least blood supply?

Answer 50

The sub-endocardium

Question 51

Where is the sub-endocardium located?

Answer 51

The sub-endocardium is the inner lining of the ventricles of the heart.

Question 52

Which organ is able to extract the most oxygen from blood?

Answer 52

The heart - it is able to extract 80% of the oxygen in the blood.

Question 53

Which organ has the poorest auto regulation of perfusion levels to cells?

Answer 53

Skin