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Cardiology > Cardiac Anatomy > Flashcards

Cardiac Anatomy Flashcards

1
Q

Which structures return deoxygenated blood to the right side of the heart from systemic circulation?

A

The superior and inferior vena cava

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2
Q

Which structures does the IVC drain?

A

abdomen, lower limbs and pelvis

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3
Q

Which structures does the SVC drain?

A

Head, neck, upper limbs

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4
Q

Deoxygenated blood leaves the right side of the heart via which structure?

A

The pulmonary artery

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5
Q

Oxygenated blood (from the lungs) enters the left side of the heart via which structure?

A

The pulmonary veins (there are 4)

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6
Q

The pulmonary veins drain into which specific chamber of the heart?

A

The left atrium

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7
Q

The ventricular walls are thicker (naturally) on which side of the heart?

A

The left side - blood must enter into systemic circulation which requires the left side of the heart to generate a more forceful contraction.

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8
Q

Name the 4 valves in the heart.

A

Tricuspid valve, pulmonic valve, mitral valve and the aortic valve.

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9
Q

Which structures are separated via the pulmonic valve?

A

The right ventricle and pulmonary artery

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10
Q

Which structures are separated via the tricuspid valve?

A

The right atrium and right ventricle.

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11
Q

Which structures are separated via the aortic valve?

A

The left ventricle and aorta

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12
Q

Which structures are separated via the mitral valve?

A

The left atrium and left ventricle.

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13
Q

How many cusps or leaflets are in a typical valve?

A

There are typically 3 valves - however the mitral valve has 2 cusps.

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14
Q

Which of the following is most anterior to the chest wall?
A) right ventricle
B) left ventricle
C) left atrium

A

A) Right ventricle

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15
Q

Which structure is directly posterior to the right ventricle?

A

The left ventricle

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16
Q

Where is the left atrium situated in the chest?

A

Posterior and left to the left ventricle

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17
Q

Which structure is directly behind the left atrium

A

Oesophagus

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18
Q

Which structures does the oesophagus sit between?

A

The left atrium and the aorta

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19
Q

How many main vessels arise from the aorta to directly supply blood to the heart?

A

2 - The left and right coronary arteries

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20
Q

What are the two main arterial branches of the left carotid artery?

A

The left anterior descending artery and left circumflex coronary artery.

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21
Q

Which region of the heart does the LAD supply?

A

The anterior wall of the left ventricle

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22
Q

Which region of the heart does the left circumflex artery supply?

A

The lateral wall of the left ventricle

23
Q

Which region of the heart does the right coronary artery supply?

A

It supplies the right side of the heart

24
Q

Which branch of the common carotid artery supplies the inferior side of the left ventricle?

A

The posterior descending artery.

25
Q

In the majority of people the posterior descending artery arises from which artery?

A

The right carotid artery.

26
Q

Persons with the posterior descending artery arising from the right carotid artery are called what?

A

Right-side dominant.

27
Q

In approximately 10% (or the minority) of people the posterior descending artery arises from which artery?

A

The left circumflex carotid artery (a branch of the left carotid artery).

28
Q

Persons with the posterior descending artery arising from the left circumflex carotid artery are called what?

A

Left-hand dominant

29
Q

Which structure drains blood directly into the right atrium?

A

The coronary sinus

30
Q

The coronary sinus is likely to become enlarged due to an increase in pressure in which structure?

A

The right atrium

31
Q

Which 3 structures are supplied by the LAD?

A

The anterior wall, apex and anterior septum

32
Q

Which structure is supplied by the left circumflex carotid artery?

A

Lateral wall

33
Q

Which structures are supplied by the posterior descending artery?

A

The inferior wall and inferior septum

34
Q

Which artery is most common occluded in a MI?

A

The left anterior descending artery

35
Q

Which artery is least likely to be occluded in a MI?

A

The left circumflex carotid artery

36
Q

The mitral valve is anchored to the papillary muscles via which tendons?

A

Chordae tendineae

37
Q

What are the 2 papillary muscles called?

A

The anterolateral and posteromedial papillary muscles

38
Q

Which papillary muscle usually has a dual blood supply?

A

The anterolateral papillary muscle

39
Q

Which vessels supply the anterolateral papillary muscle?

A

left anterior descending and left circumflex carotid arteries - this increases the diversity of blood supply so if there is occlusion is one vessel it would not result in ischemia or necrosis.

40
Q

Which vessels supply the posteromedial papillary muscle?

A

The right coronary artery (usually) or the left circumflex artery (less common) - the posteromedial papillary muscle is more vulnerable to ischeamia and likely to rupture when there is a MI.

41
Q

Under normal circumstances, which node primarily generates the electrical impulses of the heart?

A

The SA node (sinoatrial node)

42
Q

Which are the nodes in order that deliver electrical impulses

A

SA node, AV node, bundle of His, purkinje fibres

43
Q

Where is the SA node located?

A

On the right atrium (lateral wall)

44
Q

Where does the impulses from the SA node travel?

A

To both left and right atria (to left side via Bachman’s bundle) - these impulses are unable to pass into the ventricles unless they reach the AV node.

45
Q

Where do impulses from the AV node travel?

A

To the left and right ventricles via the bundle of his then left and right bundle branches and finally purkinje fibres.

46
Q

Where is the AV node located?

A

On the interatrial septum.

47
Q

Which coronary artery supplies the SA and AV nodes?

A

The branches of the right coronary artery

48
Q

Coronary artery blood flow is most prominent during _____(early diastole, late diastole).

A

Early diastole

49
Q

Coronary vessels are situated on the ________ (subendocardium/epicardium).

A

Epicardium

50
Q

Which area of the heart receives the least blood supply?

A

The sub-endocardium

51
Q

Where is the sub-endocardium located?

A

The sub-endocardium is the inner lining of the ventricles of the heart.

52
Q

Which organ is able to extract the most oxygen from blood?

A

The heart - it is able to extract 80% of the oxygen in the blood.

53
Q

Which organ has the poorest auto regulation of perfusion levels to cells?

A

Skin

Cardiology (8 decks)

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