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Cardiology Exam > Cardiac Anatomy > Flashcards

Cardiac Anatomy Flashcards

1
Q

pulmonary circulatory system (general)

A

*receives deoxygenated blood from systemic veins and sends it to the lungs
*circuit: IVC/SVC → right atrium → tricuspid valve → right ventricle → pulmonary artery → lungs

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2
Q

systemic circulatory system (general)

A

*receives oxygenated blood from the pulmonary veins and sends it to the rest of the body
*circuit: lungs → left atrium → mitral valve → left ventricle → aorta → body

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3
Q

circulatory system

A

*deoxygenated blood from the body’s tissues → IVC/SVC → right atrium → tricuspid valve → right ventricle → pulmonary artery → lungs → pulmonary veins → left atrium → mitral valve → left ventricle → aorta → body

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4
Q

pericardium

A

*the heart sits inside a sac, referred to as the pericardium
*consists of 3 layers (from outer to inner): fibrous pericardium, parietal pericardium, visceral pericardium (epicardium)
*the PERICARDIAL SPACE lies between the parietal & visceral pericardium and is filled with a small amount of pericardial fluid (reduces friction)

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5
Q

visceral vs. parietal pericardium

A

*visceral pericardium: sits ON the heart
*parietal pericardium: layer outside of the pericardial space

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6
Q

pericardium - innervation

A

*innervated by the phrenic nerve (also innervates the diaphragm - C3-C5)
*pericarditis can cause referred pain to the neck, arms, or one or both shoulders (often left)

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7
Q

3 sites where deoxygenated blood flows into the heart

A
  1. superior vena cava (SVC)
  2. inferior vena cava (IVC)
  3. coronary sinus
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8
Q

anatomic relationships of the heart: RIGHT VENTRICLE

A

*most anterior part of the heart
*sits anterior, right behind the sternum
*most commonly injured in trauma

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9
Q

anatomic relationships of the heart: LEFT ATRIUM

A

*most posterior part of the heart
*sits in front of the esophagus (therefore, enlargement of LA can lead to dysphagia)

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10
Q

rib spaces & cardiac anatomy - which part of the heart might get punctured with various stab wounds to the chest?

A

*R chest, b/w 1st and 2nd ribs: aorta
*R chest, b/w 3rd and 4th or 4th and 5th ribs: right atrium (including AV node)
*immediately left of sternum: right ventricle
*L midclavicular line: left ventricle

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11
Q

cardiothoracic ratio (as measured from CXR)

A

*if heart width is more than half of the width of the thoracic cavity, then the heart is enlarged (i.e. cardiomegaly)

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12
Q

anatomic relationship between pulmonary artery/pulmonic valve and aorta/aortic valve (on CT scan)

A

*pulmonary artery/pulmonic valve is ANTERIOR and to the LEFT of the aortic valve

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13
Q

epicardial fat

A

*the fat inside the visceral pericardium is called epicardial fat
*it is directly attached to the cardiac chambers
*the coronary arteries run within the epicardial fat

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14
Q

2 semilunar valves

A
  1. aortic valve (separates LV and aorta)
  2. pulmonic valve (separates RV and pulmonary artery)
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15
Q

2 atrioventricular valves

A
  1. tricuspid valve (separates RA and RV)
  2. mitral valve (separates LA and LV)

-note: the mitral valve is bicuspid (2 leaflets), whereas all other heart valves are tricuspid (3 leaflets)

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16
Q

papillary muscles of the heart

A

*muscles that anchor the atrioventricular valves (mitral and tricuspid), preventing blood from going backwards during systole
*papillary muscles insert near mid-apical border of ventricular wall
*chordae tendonae connect the papillary muscles to the valve leaflets

-mitral valve generally has 2 papillary muscles (anterolateral and posteromedial)
-tricuspid valve generally has 2 papillary muscles, but can be more variable

17
Q

pulmonic valve cusps

A

*3 cusps:
1. anterior
2. right
3. left

18
Q

aortic valve cusps

A

*3 cusps:
1. left coronary cusp
2. right coronary cusp
3. non-coronary cusp

19
Q

mitral valve cusps

A

*2 cusps:
1. anterior
2. posterior

20
Q

tricuspid valve cusps

A

*3 cusps:
1. anterior
2. septal
3. posterior

21
Q

coronary arteries - overview

A

*arteries that supply the oxygenated blood to the heart tissue itself, supplying it with the oxygen and nutrients it needs
*2 primary coronary arteries branch off of the ascending aorta: 1. right coronary (generally gives off the PDA) and 2. left main coronary artery (splits into LAD and circumflex)

22
Q

right coronary artery (RCA) - location/route

A

*originates from the ascending aorta and travels through the coronary sulcus in the atrioventricular (AV) groove from the right coronary cusp towards and around the RV to the posterior interventricular septum
*typically (but not always) gives rise to the posterior descending artery (PDA)

23
Q

left main coronary artery (LCA) - location/route

A

*originates from the ascending aorta (comes off left coronary cusp) and gives rise to:
1. left anterior descending artery (LAD)
2. circumflex artery

24
Q

circumflex artery - location/route

A

*one of the 2 subdivisions of the left main coronary artery
*travels posteriorly in the atrioventricular (AV) groove (i.e. between the LA and LV)

25
Q

left anterior descending artery (LAD) - location/route

A

*travels on the anterior surface of the heart, on top of the anterior interventricular septum, down to the apex and to the distal inferior wall

26
Q

posterior descending artery (PDA) - location/route

A

*travels down the posterior interventricular septum
*determines whether it is a left or right-dominant system, based on whether the PDA originates from the RCA (~70% of people) or the LCA

27
Q

right coronary artery (RCA) - territories

A

*supplies blood to inferior, posterior, and diaphragmatic territories
-AV node
-SA node
-right ventricle
-apex
-right atrium

28
Q

left anterior descending artery (LAD) - territories

A

*supplies blood to apex, anterior, and anteroseptal territories
-anterior 2/3 of interventricular septum
-anterolateral papillary muscle
-anterior surface of left ventricle

29
Q

circumflex artery - territories

A

*supplies blood to lateral, and sometimes posterior, territories:
-lateral and posterior walls of left ventricle
-anterolateral papillary muscle
-left atrium

30
Q

posterior descending artery (PDA) - territories

A

*supplies blood to:
-AV node
-posterior 1/3 of the interventricular septum
-posterior 2/3 of the ventricles
-posteromedial papillary muscle

31
Q

coronary venous anatomy

A

*most coronary arteries are associated with coronary veins
*the veins converge in the posterior AV groove to become the coronary sinus
*the coronary sinus empties de-oxygenated blood from the heart into the right atrium
*some aspects of the RV have small veins that empty directly into the RA

Cardiology Exam (52 decks)

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