cardiac anamotmy

Question 1

Cardiac Ischemia is caused by coronary atherosclerosis.

Answer 1

O2 Supply is lower than O2 Demand = Ischemia

Question 2

Typical symptoms of Cardiac Ischemia:

Answer 2

Chest pain (angina);
Dyspnea;
Diaphoresis.

Question 3

Which is the hallmark of ischemia?

Answer 3

Imbalance between oxygen supply and demand.

Question 4

Stable angina - When the Symptons start to occur?

Answer 4

Must occlude ~75% of lumen to cause symptoms;
Exertion

Question 5

Stable angina occur with…

Answer 5

Exertion and go away with rest.

Question 6

Acute Coronary Syndromes are defined by rupture of an atherosclerotic plaque and formation of a thrombus.

Answer 6

True

Question 7

Unstable angina and Non ST elevation myocardial infarction are subtotal occlusion of the artery.

Answer 7

True

Question 8

Total occlusion of the vessel is noun as…

Answer 8

ST- elevation myocardial infarction
STEMI

Question 9

Sudden Death is a common complication of CAD.

Answer 9

CAD is most common cause of sudden death adults.

Question 10

The most common cause of sudden deaths in youger patients is…

Answer 10

Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM)

Question 11

Plaque rupture can cause which type of arrhythmias?

Answer 11

Ventricular tachycardia;
Ventricular fibrillation;

Question 12

Major risk for Coronary acute disease:

Answer 12

Prior coronary disease;

Question 13

Coronary risk equivalents:

Answer 13

Diabetes;
Peripheralartery disease;
Chronic kidney disease;

Question 14

Risk factors for coronary disease:

Answer 14

Hypertension;
Hyperlipidemia;
Family History;
Smoking;
Obesity;
Sedentary lifestyle;

Question 15

Transmural ischemia occurs when the patient have…

Answer 15

COMPLETE occlusion of the vessel.

Question 16

Subendocardial Ischemia occurs when the patien haven…

Answer 16

Subtotal occlusion
Limited distal flow

Question 17

ST depressions are present in…

Answer 17

Subendocardial Ischemia

Question 18

T wave inversions have many causes other than CAD.

Answer 18

Raised intracerebral pressure;
Resolving pericarditis;
Bundle branch blocks;
Ventricular hypertrophy;

Question 19

ST elevations are seen only with transmural ischemia.

Answer 19

True

Question 20

Hyperacute T Waves can be seen in transmural ischemia.

Answer 20

THEY ARE A EARLY SIGN OF ischemia.
Seen before ST elevations.

Question 21

Poor R wave progression is a sign of…

Answer 21

Acute anterior wall infarction
Prior anterior wall infarction

Question 22

The first 24 to 72 hours after ST-elevation myocardial infarction is the highest risk period for arrhythmias including ventricular fibrillation.

Answer 22

TRUE

Question 23

The myocardium goes through a progression of gross and microscopic changes following infarction due to coagulative necrosis and inflammation. These changes can be used by pathologists to determine the cause of death in cases like the one described. By about 5 to 10 days, the myocardium becomes tan or yellow from infiltration of infarcted tissue with inflammatory cells. Microscopy will show necrosis of myocytes and macrophages performing phagocytosis. Granulation tissue appears at the margins of the infarcted area around days 7 to 10.

Answer 23

ok

Question 24

The myocardium goes through a progression of gross and microscopic changes following infarction due to coagulative necrosis and inflammation. These changes can be used by pathologists to determine the cause of death in cases like the one described. By about 5 to 10 days, the myocardium becomes tan or yellow from infiltration of infarcted tissue with inflammatory cells. Microscopy will show necrosis of myocytes and macrophages performing phagocytosis. Granulation tissue appears at the margins of the infarcted area around days 7 to 10.