Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

MedSurg > CARDIAC > Flashcards

CARDIAC Flashcards

1
Q

Define BP

A

The force produced by the volume of blood in artieral walls

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What is systolic pressure?

A

Top #

Working phase of the heart.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What is diastolic pressure?

A

Bottom #

Resting phase of the heart.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Define hypertension

A

Sustained elivations in systolic/diastolic BP that exceed Prehypertension Levels.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Pre hypertension #

A

120-139 ; systolic

80-89 ; diastolic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Hypertension stage 1

A

140-159/90-99

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Hypertension stage 2

A

160+/100+

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What are the 2 types of hypertension?

A

Essential hypertension

Secondary Hypertension

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Define Essential hypertension

A

Sustained elivated BP that has no known cause

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Define secondary hypertension

A

elvated BP that results from/ or is secondary to aome other diease

  • kidney failure
  • diabetiese
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Pathophysiology of Essential hypotension

A
  • increase w/age
  • Runs in family
  • African american are higher at risk
  • Obesity, inactivity, smoking, excessive alcohol intake, inafective stress managment
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Pathophysiology of Secondary hypertension

A
  • diabetes
  • kidney failure
  • cocain/ cardiac stimulants
  • oral contraceptives
  • atheroscloresis
  • hyperaldosteronism
  • artireral vasconstriction
  • phenochromocytoma- tumor adrenal mudulla
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What are s/s of hypertension?

A
  • Asymptomatic
  • The silent killer
  • throbbing/ pounding headache dizziness
  • dizziness
  • fatigue
  • insominia
  • nervousness
  • nosebleeds
  • blurred vission
  • angina
  • sustained elvated BP
  • Dspnea
  • bounding pulse
  • over wt.
  • flushed face
  • periphal edema
  • papilledema- edema of optic nerve
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Dignostic Test for hypertension

A
  • EKG
  • Echo
  • Chest X-Ray
  • Blood Test; Elevated BUN, serum creatine= impaired renal function
  • MUGA scan; detects how well/ inefficent the heart pumps
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Medical Management for hypertension?

A
  • Low BP; Priorty with HTN pt.
    -Prevent Complications
    -Mild Elivations;
    weight loss
    lower sodium intake
    moderate exersise
    low fat diet
    DASH Diet
    -Pharmalogic Interventions;
    dosage increased in icreaments
    adding 2nd, 3rd, or 4th antihypertensive agents
    secomdary hypertension may resolve by treating its cause
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

When taking HTN meds

A
  • DO NOT stop taking suddenly
  • Take med @ same time everyday
  • diuretic HTN meds are not to be given @ night
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What is accelerated hypertension

A

elavated BP with hemorrages & exudates in the eye

leaking of cellular protein

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What is malignant hypertension

A

Dangerously high BP with papilledema ( welling behind the eye)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What is medical managment for malignant hypertension?

A 
Lower BP w/in 1-2 hours.
-Hyperstat; IV
-Nitropress
-Nitroglceryin
-normodyne
- Oxygen
other drugs for less critical (Procardia, Isoptin, Capoten, Minipress)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

DASH diet

Diet Approaches Stop Hypertension

A

Rich in fruits, Veggies, and low fat diary products, w/ reduced contents of fat, red meat, sweets, and sugar containg beverages.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

DASH diet includes

A 
6-8 serving grain
4-5 serving veggie
4-5 serving fruit
2-3 low fat/non diary products
6oz or less of meat,poultry,fish
2-3 servings of added fats per day
5 or less servings of sweet/sugar per week
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What is heart failure?

A

Failure of the heart to perform this main function adequtely.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What is Acute heart failure

A
  • Sudden change in hearts ability to contract

- Can develop pulmonary edema

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

What is Chronic heart failure

A

-Occurs when some other chronic disorder compromises the heart ablity to pump
-Examples;
High BP
Coranary artery diease
Valvular heart diease
Abnormal heart rythms
Overactive thyroid
cardio myopaty
anemia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

What 2 mechanisms cause heart failure?

A
  1. Inability of the heart to contract due to damage to the heart muscle wall (MI)
  2. When the pumping chambers enlarge and weaken due to cardiopathy/hypertension.
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

What happens in Left Sided Heart Failure?

A
  • When left vent. cant pump enough blood, it gets backed up in lungs. Which causes? (pulmonary edema)
  • SOB
  • Left side fails , leads to right side failure
  • Left is lung= respitory probs
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

What happens in Right Sided Heart Failure?

A
  • The right ventricule cannot pump out enough bld, causing fluid to back up in the veins & then in capilaries of the body. (behind the right ventrical)
  • Right is the Body/sytemic
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

What Compensatory Mechanisms does the body have when it comes to heart failure?

A
  • The body compensates overtime for changes in the heart function.
  • When further compromised the heart will eventually fail.
  • Myocardial oxygen demand increase
  • Renin- angrotension-aldosterone mechanism
  • B-type natiuretic peptide
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

Left side heart failure symptoms?

A

LEFT IS RESPIRATORY

  • Fatigue w/activity
  • Exertional dyspnea
  • Orthopnea; diff. breathing laying down
  • proxysmal nocturnal dyspnea
  • rapid/ irreg pulse
  • high BP
  • Deminished urine output
  • Severe; hypoxic, restless, confused
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

Right sided heart failure symptoms?

A

RIGHT IS BODY/SYSTEMIC

  • Gradual unexpected wt. gain
  • Pitting EDema
  • Enlarged Liver
  • Jugular vein Distension
  • Dyspnea
  • Anorexia
  • Nausea
  • Flantulence
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

DIagnostic findings for LEFT heart failure

A
  • Heart enlargment seen in chest x-ray
  • fluid accumalition in lungs on x-ray
  • Increased size of left ventricule and ineffective pumping of the heart seen on ECHO
  • Resp. Alkolosis- ABGs
  • Metabolic acidosis
  • Elevated serum sodium levels
  • Elevated BUN
  • hemodynamic monitoring changes
  • Decrease in ejection function- MUGA
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

MUGA is?

A

Multiple gated acquistion Scan

- a gated blood pool scan measures a decrease ejection fraction.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

Diagnostic findings for RIGHT sided heart failure?

A
  • Chest x-ray
  • ECG
  • Echocardiogram
  • Lung scan
  • pulmanary Arteriography
  • Liver Enzymes
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

What is BNP?

A

BETA-TYPE NATRIURETIC PEPTIDE

Lowers BP by increasing excertion of sodim and water and promoting arterial dialation.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

What is the Medical Managment for someone with heart failure?

A

-Reduce the heart workload
-Improve cardiac output
Dietary managment
drug therapy
life style changes

36
Q

Assessment for pulmonary Edema

A 
Sudden dyspnea
Wheezing
orthopnea
restlessness
cough
cyanosis
tachycardia
severe apperhension
37
Q

What is Pulmonary Edema?

A

Fluid accumilation in the lungs. Which leads to acute resp. distress.

38
Q

What is The Medical treatment for pulmonary edema?

A 
Relieve lung congestion
meds
O2
Drug therapy
Oxygenation
Invasive Measures
39
Q

What is the Nursing managment for Pulmonary Edema?

A
  • Close observation
  • IV
  • Mecanical ventilation
  • Diretics & inotropic agents
  • ECG monitoring
  • Pulse Ox
  • BP & Pulse Every 15 mins
  • Internal monitoring
40
Q

What is the major purpose of the heart?

A

Supply body cells and tissue w/ oxygen-rich blood & eliminate carbondioxide and cellular waste

41
Q

The right and left ATRIA are the?

A

Reciving Chambers of the heart

42
Q

The right and left VENTRICLES are the?

A

Pumping Chambers of the heart

43
Q

List the 3 layers of the heart

A

Epicardium
Myocardium
Endocardium

44
Q

Epicardium

A

Fibrous tissue and loose connective tissue

45
Q

Myocardium

A

muscle tissue

46
Q

Endocardium

A

Thin smooth bayer of endothelial cells

47
Q

What is the sac surrounding the heart called?

A

Pericardium

48
Q

What are the layers of the pericardium

A

Partial pericardium

Visceral pericardium

49
Q

What are the 4 chambers the heart is dived into?

A

Left Ventricle
Right Ventricle
Left Atria
Right Atria

50
Q

Describe the structure of heart valve

A

AV valves- are leaflike

Tricuspid valves- have 3 cups

51
Q

What seperates atria from ventricles?

A

Two atrioventricular valves

52
Q

What valve is between th RA and the RV?

A

Tricupsid Valve

53
Q

What is the Valve between the LA and the LV?

A

Bicupsid valve

54
Q

What valve is between the RV and pulmonary artery

A

Pulmonic valve

55
Q

What valve is between the LV and the aorta?

A

Aortic Valve

56
Q

What are chordae tendineae?

A

Cordlike structures

57
Q

What is the function of the right side of the heart?

A

Receives oxygen-poor blood from your veins and pumps it to your lungs, where it picks up oxygen and gets rid of carbon dioxide.

58
Q

What s the function of the left side of the heart?

A

Recieves oxygen-rich blood from your lungs and pumps it through your arteries to the rest of your body.

59
Q

Arteries?

A

Carrie oxygenated blood from the heart.

60
Q

Veins?

A

Return deoxygenated blood to the heart

61
Q

Arterioles?

A

Smallest arteries

62
Q

Venules

A

Smallest veins

63
Q

Capillaries

A

Microscopic vessels that form a connecting network between arteroles and venules

64
Q

Where does the heart muscle get its blood supply?

A

The left and right coronary arteries supply oxygnated blood to the heart

65
Q

What is afterload?

A

The force that the ventricle must empty its diostolic volume

66
Q

What is preload?

A

When the ventrcles feel with blood

67
Q

What is cardiac output?

A

Amount of blood pumped out of the left ventricle each min

68
Q

What is cardiac output?

A

Amount of blood pumped out of the left ventricle each min.

69
Q

Angina

A

When someone w/ blocked arteries exerts themselves they can experiance angina which is chest pain

70
Q

MONA

A

Morphine
Oxygen
Nitroglycerin
Asprin

71
Q

What makes heart sound?

A
  • 1st Sound LUB; acceleration and decleration of blood and vibration of the heart at the time of the closure of tricupisd and mitral valves
  • 2nd Sound DUB; Same accerlation and deceleration of blood and vibrations at the time of closure of pulmonic and aortic valves
72
Q

What is the natural pacemaker of the heart?

A

Sinoatrial Node (SA Node)

73
Q

P wave represents?

A

Spread of electrical activity over the ATRIA and the begining of its contraction

74
Q

QRS wave represents?

A

Spread of electrical activity over the VENTRICLES and the begining of its contraction

75
Q

T-Wave Represents?

A

The recovery phase of the ventricles

76
Q

What is Chemoreceptor?

A

Sense the chemical changes in the blood and adjust to the HR accordingly

77
Q

Healthy cardiac output is ?

A

4-8 mL/min the average being 5mL/min

78
Q

What is stroke volume?

A

Amount of blood pumped per contractionof the heart.

79
Q

What is a Chemoreceptor?

A

Sense the chemical changes in the blood and adjusts the heart rate accordingly.

80
Q

What is healthy cardiac output?

A

4-8 mL/min with the average being 5mL/min

81
Q

What is stroke average volume?

A

65-70mL

82
Q

Cardiac Output =

A

HR x Stroke Volume

83
Q

What is included in a Cardiac Assessment?

A

-History
-Physical Examination;
Genral Apperance
pain
Vital Signs
Cardiac Rhythm
Heart Sounds
Perphial Pulses
Skin
Perphial Edema
Weight
Jugular Veins
Lung Sounds
Sputum
Cough
Mental Status

84
Q

What are some Cardiac Dignosis Test used for Cardiac Dieases

A
  • Blood Chemistry
  • Serum Enzymes and isoenzymes
  • EBCT
  • ECG
  • Phonocardigraphy
  • Radiograaphy and radio
85
Q

Care for patients during/ following a cardiac catheterization?

A
  • Short Stay
  • NPO
  • ALlergies
  • IV (hydration)
  • Monitor HR

MedSurg (2 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions