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cardiac Flashcards

1
Q

Aortic regurgitation: causes

A

LAB CREAM:

Luetic heart disease
Ankylosing Spondylitis
Bicuspid Valve--- blood pressure
Congenital
Rheumatic damage
Endocarditis
Aortic dissection/ Aortic root dilatation
Marfan’s
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2
Q

Aortic stenosis characteristics

A

SAD:
Syncope
Angina
Dyspnoea

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3
Q

Apex beat: abnormalities found on palpation, causes of impalpable[edit]

A 
HILT:[3]p. 29
Heaving
Impalpable
Laterally displaced
Thrusting/ Tapping
If it's impalpable, causes are COPD:[3]p. 29
COPD
Obesity
Pleural, Pericardial effusion
Dextrocardia
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4
Q

Atrial Arrhythmias

A

Anticoagulants: To prevent embolization.

Beta blockers: To block the effects of certain hormones on the heart to slow the heart rate.

Calcium Channel Blockers: Help slow the heart rate by blocking the number of electrical impulses that pass through the AV node into the lower heart chambers (ventricles).

Digoxin: Helps slow the heart rate by blocking the number of electrical impulses that pass through the AV node into the lower heart chambers (ventricles).

Electrocardioversion: A procedure in which electric currents are used to reset the heart’s rhythm back to regular pattern.[23]

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5
Q

Atrial Fibrillation causes

A 
Pirates:[3]p. 3
Pulmonary: PE, COPD
Iatrogenic
Rheumatic heart: mirtral regurgitation
Atherosclerotic: MI, CAD
Thyroid: hyperthyroid
Endocarditis
Sick sinus syndrome
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6
Q

Atrial fibrillation management

A 
ABCD:[3]p. 30
Anti-coagulate
Beta-block to control rate
Cardiovert
Digoxin
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7
Q

Beck’s triad (cardiac tamponade)

A

3 D’s:[3]p. 30
Distant heart sounds
Distended jugular veins
Decreased arterial pressure

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8
Q

Betablockers: cardioselective betablockers

A

Betablockers Acting Exclusively At Myocardium:[3]p. 30

Betaxolol
Acebutelol
Esmolol
Atenolol
Metoprolol
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9
Q

CHF Treatment

A 
LMNOP
Lasix
Morphine
Nitrites
Oxygen
VassoPressors[24]
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10
Q

CHF: causes of exacerbation

A

FAILURE

Forgot medication
Arrhythmia/ Anaemia
Ischemia/ Infarction/ Infection
Lifestyle: taken too much salt
Upregulation of CO: pregnancy, hyperthyroidism
Renal failure
Embolism: pulmonary
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11
Q

Complications of Myocardial Infarction

A

Darth Vader

Death
Arrythmia
Rupture(free ventricular wall/ ventricular septum/ papillary muscles)
Tamponade
Heart failure (acute or chronic)
Valve disease
Aneurysm of Ventricles
Dressler's Syndrome
thromboEmbolism (mural thrombus)
Recurrence/ mitral Regurgitation[25]
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12
Q

Coronary artery bypass graft: indications

A

DUST:[3]p. 31

Depressed ventricular function
Unstable angina
Stenosis of the left main stem
Triple vessel disease

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13
Q

ECG: left vs. right bundle block

A

WiLLiaM MaRRoW:[3]p. 31
W pattern in V1-V2 and M pattern in V3-V6 is Left bundle block.
M pattern in V1-V2 and W in V3-V6 is Right bundle block.

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14
Q

Exercise ramp ECG: contraindications

A

RAMP

Recent MI
Aortic stenosis
MI in the last 7 days
Pulmonary hypertension

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15
Q

Endocarditis

A

FROM JANE:

Fever
Roth's spots
Osler's nodes
Murmur of heart
Janeway lesions
Anemia
nail haemorrhage
emboli
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16
Q

Heart valve sequence

A 
Try Puling My Aorta
Tricuspid
Pulmonary
Mitral (bicuspid)
Aorta
17
Q

Heart blocks

A

If the R is far from P, then you have a First Degree.
Longer, longer, longer, drop! Then you have a Wenkebach.
if some P’s don’t get through, then you have Mobitz II.
If P’s and Q’s don’t agree, then you have a Third Degree.

18
Q

Infarctions

A 
IV access
Narcotic analgesics (e.g. morphine, pethidine)
Facilities for defibrillation (DF)
Aspirin/ Anticoagulant (heparin)
Rest
Converting enzyme inhibitor
Thrombolysis
IV beta blocker
Oxygen 60%
Nitrates
Stool Softeners
19
Q

JVP: wave form

A

ASK ME

Atrial contraction
Systole (ventricular contraction)
Klosure (closure) of tricusps, so atrial filling
Maximal atrial filling
Emptying of atrium
20
Q

MI: basic management

A

BOOMAR

Bed rest
Oxygen
Opiate
Monitor
Anticoagulate
Reduce clot size
21
Q

MI: signs and symptoms

A

PULSE:

Persistent chest pains
Upset stomach
Lightheadedness
Shortness of breath
Excessive sweating
22
Q

MI: therapeutic treatment

A

O BATMAN!

Oxygen
Beta blocker
ASA
Thrombolytics (e.g. heparin)
Morphine
Ace prn
Nitroglycerin
23
Q

MI: treatment of acute MI

A

COAG:

Cyclomorph
Oxygen
Aspirin
Glycerol trinitrate

24
Q

Murmur attributes

A

TIPPQRS

Timing
Intensity
Position of stethoscope where murmur heard loudest
Position of patient where murmur heard loudest
Quality
Radiation
systemic features

25
Q

Murmurs: innocent murmur features[

A 
8 S's
Soft
Systolic
Short
Sounds (S1 & S2) normal
Symptomless
Special tests normal (X-ray, EKG)
Standing/ Sitting (vary with position)
Sternal depression
26
Q

Murmurs: louder with inspiration vs expiration

A

LEft sided murmurs louder with Expiration

RIght sided murmurs louder with Inspiration

27
Q

Murmurs: questions to ask

A

TIPPQRS

28
Q

Murmurs: systolic vs. diastolic

A

PASS:Pulmonic & Aortic
Stenosis=Systolic.

PAID: Pulmonic & Aortic
Insufficiency=Diastolic

29
Q

Pericarditis: causes

A

CARDIAC RIND

Collagen vascular disease
Aortic aneurysm
Radiation
Drugs (such as hydralazine)
Infections
Acute renal failure
Cardiac infarction
Rheumatic fever
Injury
Neoplasms
Dressler's syndrome
30
Q

ST elevation causes in ECG

A

ELEVATION

Electrolytes
LBBB
Early repolarization
Ventricular hypertrophy
Aneurysm
Treatment (e.g. pericardiocentesis)
Injury (AMI, contusion)
Osborne waves (hypothermia)
Non-occlusive vasospasm
31
Q

Supraventricular tachycardia: treatment

A

ABCDE

Adenosine
Beta-blocker
Calcium channel antagonist
Digoxin
Excitation (vagal stimulation)
32
Q

Ventricular tachycardia: treatment

A

LAMB

Lidocaine
Amiodarone
Mexiltene/ Magnesium
Beta-blocker

33
Q

Acute LVF management

A

LMNOP

Lasix (furosemide)
Morphine (diamorphine)
Nitrates
Oxygen (sit patient up)
pulmonary ventilation (if doing badly)
34
Q

Atrial fibrillation: causes of new onset

A

THE ATRIAL FIBS

Thyroid
Hypothermia
Embolism (P.E.)
Alcohol
Trauma (cardiac contusion)
Recent surgery (post CABG)
Ischemia
Atrial enlargement
Lone or idiopathic
Fever, anemia, high-output states
Infarct
Bad valves (mitral stenosis)
Stimulants (cocaine, theo, amphet, caffeine)
35
Q

JVP: raised JVP differential

A

PQRST(EKG waves):[3]
Pericardial effusion
Quantity of fluid raised (fluid over load)
Right heart failure
Superior vena caval obstruction
Tricuspid stenosis/Tricuspid regurgitation/Tamponade (cardiac)

36
Q

MI: immediate treatment

A 
DOGASH:[3]
Diamorphine
Oxygen
GTN spray
Asprin 300 mg
Streptokinase
Heparin
37
Q

Syncope causes

A

HEAD HEART VESSELS

CNS causes include HEAD:

Hypoxia/Hypoglycemia
Epilepsy
Anxiety
Dysfunctional brain stem (basivertebral TIA)

Cardiac causes are HEART:

Heart attack
Embolism (PE)
Aortic obstruction (IHSS, AS or myxoma)
Rhythm disturbance, ventricular
Tachycardia

Vascular causes are VESSELS:

Vasovagal
Ectopic (reminds one of hypovolemia)
Situational
Subclavian steal
ENT (glossopharyngeal neuralgia)
Low systemic vascular resistance (Addison's, diabetic vascular neuropathy)
Sensitive carotid sinus

mnemonics (6 decks)

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