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Respiratory and Cardiac > Cardiac > Flashcards

Cardiac Flashcards

1
Q

Where is the heart located?

A

Lies in the mediastinum
Extends downward and to the left

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2
Q

What are the 3 layers of tissues of the heart?

A

Endocardium
Myocardium
Epicardium

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3
Q

What does the atria do?

A

Receives blood returning from body and lungs

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4
Q

What do the ventricles do?

A

Pumps blood to the body
and lungs

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5
Q

What is the purpose of capillaries?

A

Permits gas exchange, the transfer of nutrients and the
removal of waste between blood and the fluid of tissues

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6
Q

The SA node is the ___________

A

pacemaker of the heart

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7
Q

__________ is the contraction phase of the heart

A

systole

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8
Q

____________ is the relaxation phase of the heart

A

Diastole

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9
Q

Atria and ventricles contract and relax in a ___________

A

Organized fashion

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10
Q

What is cardiac output?

A

total amount of blood ejected from one ventricle of
the heart in L/min.

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11
Q

What is a normal cardiac output for a healthy adult at rest?

A

5-6 L/min

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12
Q

How is cardiac output calculated?

A

Stroke Volume times heart rate

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13
Q

What is stroke volume?

A

The volume of blood ejected by one ventricle per
heartbeat.

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14
Q

what 3 factors determine stroke volume?

A

preload, afterload, and contractility

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15
Q

What causes S1 heartbeat?

A

the first heart sound heard indicates the closure of the mitral and tricuspid valves (Lub)

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16
Q

what causes the S2 heartbeat?

A

the second heart sound signifies the closure of the aortic and pulmonic valves (Dub)

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17
Q

S3 and S4 are________

A

Abnormal heart sounds that require further assessment

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18
Q

Cardiac murmurs have a whooshing sound and indicate_______

A

Turbulent blood flow through normal or abnormal valves

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19
Q

What is pericardial friction rub?

A

an abnormal heart sound that is typically heard
over the left sternal boarder. (Grating sound)

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20
Q

What does a electrocardiogram do?

A

Records cardiac electrical activity

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21
Q

P wave is ___

A

atrial depolarization

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22
Q

What does the PR interval represent?

A

The rate of cardiac impulse transmitted from the
AV node.

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23
Q

What is the QRS complex?

A

Ventricular depolarization

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24
Q

ST segment

A

Follows ventricular depolarization and occurs prior to
the start of ventricular repolarization.

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25
What is the T wave?
Ventricular repolarization is occurring
26
What is the QT interval?
The time for ventricular repolarization to complete.
27
Clients may be ______ or _______ with sinus bradycardia
Symptomatic or asymptomatic
28
Symptoms of sinus bradycardia:
fatigue, increased shortness of breath, dizziness
29
Main concern with sinus bradycardia
fall risk
30
Lab testing for sinus bradycardia:
Electrolytes Thyroid hormone panel Troponin Blood and Urine for toxicology
31
Manifestations of decreased cardiac output:
Dizziness Chest pain Near syncope Mental status changes Shortness of breath
32
Sinus bradycardia treatment
Asymptomatic: Continue to observe client Symptomatic: IV atropine 1 mg repeat every 3-5 minutes not to exceed a total of 3 mg. Monitor for changes in heart rate Temporary transcutaneous pacemaker if client continues to remain unstable and symptomatic
33
Sinus bradycardia is classified as less than
60 BPM
34
Sinus tachycardia is classified as more than _________
100 BPM
35
With sinus tachycardia clients may be ___ or __________
Symptomatic or asymptomatic
36
Symptoms of sinus tachycardia
Palpitations Dizziness Lightheadedness Elevated temperature Chest pain Difficulty breathing
37
Main concern with sinus tachycardia is:
Fall risk
38
Pt. education for sinus tachycardia:
Change positions slowly Decrease physical intensity or activity Stress management Discontinue or reduce substances that increase heart rate.
39
Precipitating factors to sinus tachycardia:
Recent infection or illness Chronic health conditions Stress Pain Anxiety Medications
40
Sinus tachycardia treatment:
Identify underlying cause of tachycardia Interventions to decrease fever, pain, stress fear or anxiety Catheter ablation
41
Medications given for sinus tachycardia:
Adenosine Betablockers (metoprolol)
42
Symptoms of PVCs
palpitations, lightheadedness, chest pain or shortness of breath
43
Potential cause of PVS that can be detected in a blood test:
Potassium Magnesium Thyroid levels
44
Medications used to treat PVCs
Beta blockers Antiarrhythmic medications Flecainide Propafenone Amiodarone
45
If medications are ineffective for PVCs they can do a ___________ after 30 days
Catheter ablation
46
T/F with PAC clients have symptoms?
false, they are usually found at routine physicals some people report feeling fluttering of the chest or carotids
47
Can you see the p wav on a ekg for a patient with PAC?
No the p wave is hidden or unidentifiable
48
How do PACs effect the PR interval?
may be shortened less than 0.12 or unmeasurable
49
Symptom of Afib:
Irregular pulse Hypotension Heart palpitations Increased heart rate Chest discomfort Shortness of breath (at rest or with activity) Exertional fatigue Anxiety Dizziness Lightheadedness Syncope Weight gain Increased urination
50
Safety considerations for Afib
Client at risk for stroke Risk for spontaneous bleeding
51
Blood test for afib
-TSH -Thyroxine -CBC -Creatinine -Glucose -INR
52
What is a TEE?
Transesophageal echocardiogram detects the development of blood clots in the left atrium.
53
Safety considerations for a fib
Bleeding precautions for clients on anticoagulant therapy * Falls * Shaving * Vigorous teeth brushing and flossing * Participation in contact sports
54
Client education for afib
Report any manifestations of A-fib to provider * Take medications as prescribed * Bleeding precautions * Healthy lifestyle modifications * Avoid stimulants * Avoid herbal supplements
55
Afib interventions for rhythm control:
Electro cardioversion Catheter ablation Anticoagulants Diet modification
56
Sings and symptoms of atrial flutter:
Lightheadedness Palpitations Hypotension Dizziness Chest discomfort Shortness of breath
57
Manifestations of SVT may present______
Suddenly
58
Signs and symptoms of SVT
Dizziness Lightheadedness Syncopal episodes Hypotension Shortness of breath Palpitations Increased risk of falls
59
Treatment for SVT
Vagal maneuvers * IV adenosine 6 mg IV over 1 to 3 seconds then flush with 20 mL NS * If no change give a repeat dose of 12 mg followed by 20 mL NS * Adenosine will the heart rate: have a defibrillator on hand * IV diltiazem * IV esmolol * IV metoprolol
60
What is CAD?
Occurs with a build up of plaque within the coronary arteries.
61
Complications of CAD
Stable angina ST Elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) Non-ST elevation myocardial infarction (NSTEMI) Unstable angina
62
What is stable angina?
Chest pain that occurs when the heart requires more oxygen than it usually does (such as during exercise).
63
Treatment for angina:
Rest Nitroglycerin
64
Clinical presentation of CAD:
Initially CAD is asymptomatic Manifestations appear when there is decreased blood flow and oxygen to the heart.
65
Risk factors for CAD:
Weight Diet Sedentary lifestyle Smoking Hypertension Hyperlipidemia Diabetes
65
Lab studies for CAD
Cholesterol Homocysteine C-reactive protein Cardiac Enzymes Troponin Creatine kinase-MB (CK-MB)
66
Diagnostic studies for CAD
Electrocardiogram Cardiac cath Stress test X ray
67
Treatments for CAD:
Health/lifestyle changes Angioplasty Coronary artery bypass graft Medications
68
MONA acronym for CAD
Morphine IV 2 mg to start can go up to 4 - lowers the pressure on the heart which decreases the oxygen demand (preload and afterload), pain, lowers BP Oxygen start at 4 L and work your way up Nitroglycerin up to 3 Asprin
69
What is heart failure?
Heart is not able to meet the demands of the systemic circulatory system Ventricles do not fill properly Blood is not ejected into the systemic circulatory system properly
70
Risk factors to heart failure:
Family history of heart disease Chronic pulmonary disease CAD Hypertension Chronic infection Diabetes Obesity Metabolic disease Alcohol abuse Cardiotoxic agents
71
Manifestations of heart failure impact client’s ability to carry out ADLs
Shortness of breath Fatigue Weakness Difficulty sleeping Edema Depression hopelessness
72
Safety consideration for heart failure:
Self monitor manifestations Proper administration of oxygen (if needed)
73
What type of lungs sounds do you hear in the base of lungs with HF
Crackles in the bases of lungs

Respiratory and Cardiac (1 decks)

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