Cardiac Flashcards
4 heart valves?
Aortic, mitral, pulmonary, tricuspid
ligamentum arteriosum was what?
ductus arteriosus
What enters the right atrium
SVC + IVC + coronary sinus
What enters the left atrium
pulmonary veins
Base of heart?
upward, backward and to the right
Apex of heart?
downward, forward and to the left
what is the coronary sulcus
separates the atria from the ventricles
What contributes to the SVC
left and right brachiocephalic veins
what contributes to the IVC
hepatic veins, inferior phrenic veins, lumbar veins, renal veins, right suprarenal vein, right ovarian/testicular vein, common iliac veins
4 parts of the IVC
intrahepatic, suprarenal, renal, infrarenal
what is the infundibulum
conical pouch formed from the upper and left angle of the RV where the pulmonary artery arises
Transverse pericardial sinus
open at both ends and formed by the reflection of visceral serosal pericardium from the posterior aspects of the aortic and pulmonary trunks
Oblique pericardial sinus
cul de sac of the serous pericardium, provides expansion space for the left atrium
fibrous pericardium
most superficial later of the pericardium
Cusps of pulmonary valve
left, right and anterior semilunar cusps
cusps of aortic valve
left, right and posterior semilunar cusps
How to measure the heart size
Cardiothoracic ratio (should be <50%)
ICD has thicker leads than a pacemaker?
yes
what complications should you look for post pacemaker insertion?
pneumothorax and pleural effusion
lead of single chamber PPM
RV
leads of dual chamber PPM
right atrial appendage and RV apex
biventricular/CRTD PPM leads
right atrial appendage, RV apex and coronary sinus (wedged in a left cardiac vein overlying LV)
describe the double SVC as a variant
the left SVC enters the coronary sinus which then enters the right atrium
right sided aortic arch variant
courses to the right of the trachea
Type A aortic dissection
Ascending aorta
Type B aortic dissection
descending aorta
Aortic ductus diverticulum?
developmental outpouching of the thoracic aorta which may be mistaken for an acute aortic injury, seen at the anteromedial aspect of the aorta at the site of the aortic isthmus, where the ligamentum arteriosum attaches
clinical importance of aortic ductus diverticulum and what should you do
- may be mistaken for traumatic pseudoaneurysm
- do an ECG gated CT for aortic root sinus (motion free imaging) if in any doubt
Aortic root cusps for coronary arteries
RAS - RCA
LAS - LMS
NCS - no arteries
Branches of the RCA
PDA and PLB
what determines the dominant circulation in the heart
which vessel branches the PDA
Branches of the LMS
LCx and LAD
Branches of the LAD
Septal and Diagonals
Branches of the LCx
Obtuse marginals (unidirectional)
Where do acute marginal arteries branch from
RCA
Anatomical coronary artery variants
- Ramus intermedius
- PLB from LCx
- Left dominant circulation
- Balanced circulation
What is ramus intermedius
trifurcation of the LMS
