Cardiac

Question 1

Normal PA systolic pressure =
Normal mean PA pressure =

Answer 1

Normal PA systolic pressure = < 20mmHg
Normal mean PA pressure = <12mmHg

“Normal systolic PAP ranges between 14 and 28 mmHg, normal diastolic PAP ranges between 5 and 16 mmHg, and normal mean PAP between 10 and 22 mmHg” (NCBI)

Question 2

The Pulmonary Arterial Wedge Pressure (PAWP), Pulmonary Capillary Wedge Pressure (PCWP), or Pulmonary Artery Occlusion Pressure (PAOP) is used as a surrogate for ________.

Answer 2

The Pulmonary Arterial Wedge Pressure (PAWP), Pulmonary Capillary Wedge Pressure (PCWP), or Pulmonary Artery Occlusion Pressure (PAOP) is used as a surrogate for Left Ventricular End-Diastolic Pressure (LVEDP).

Question 3

Normal PAOP =

Answer 3

Normal PAOP = 4-12mmHg

Question 4

Normal CVP =

Answer 4

Normal CVP = < 12mmHg

Question 5

CVP Waveform:
A wave
C wave
X descent
V wave
Y descent

Answer 5

CVP Waveform:
A wave- RA contraction
C wave- TV closing and bulging into the RA during isovolumetric RV contraction
X descent-RA relaxation during RV contraction
V wave- RA filling against a closed TV
Y descent- TV opening and RA emptying into the RV

Question 6

Define diastolic step up.

Answer 6

The most distinctive feature in comparison to the RV pressure waveform is the increment in diastolic pressure in the pulmonary artery compared to the diastolic pressure in the normal RV. This is otherwise known as the diastolic pressure step up.

Question 7

The dicrotic notch in the PA waveform represents

Answer 7

The dicrotic notch in the PA waveform represents closure of the pulmonic valve.

Question 8

Normal SvO2 =

Answer 8

Normal SvO2 = 65-70%

While oxygen saturation refers to the percentage of hemoglobin bound to oxygen within red blood cells, mixed venous oxygen saturation (SvO2) refers to the oxygen content of the blood that returns to the heart after meeting tissue needs.

SvO2 is measured by taking a blood sample from a pulmonary artery catheter (PAC) and indicates how well the body uses oxygen.

Question 9

A normal cardiac output (CO) at rest is between

Answer 9

A normal cardiac output (CO) at rest is between 4-8 L/min at rest.

Cardiac output varies depending on body size and activity level. Generally, the cardiac output at rest falls within a range of 4 to 8 L/min, averaging around 5 L/min. During intense physical activity, elite athletes can achieve cardiac outputs as high as approximately 40 L/min.

Question 10

A normal cardiac index (CI) is between

Answer 10

A normal cardiac index (CI) is between 2.5 and 4 liters per minute per square meter (L/min/m2).

CI is a normalized value for cardiac output that takes a patient’s body surface area (BSA) into account. To calculate CI, divide the cardiac output by the patient’s BSA.

Question 11

Milrinone
MOA:
Effects:

Answer 11

MOA: PDE III-i
Effects: improves cardiac contractility (inotropy), increases HR (chronotropy), improves cardiac relaxation (lusitropy), induces arterial vasodilation (including coronaries and pulmonary arteries), induces venous vasodilation.

Question 12

Dobutamine

Question 13

Dopamine

Question 14

Epinephrine

Question 15

Norepinephrine

Question 16

Four positions for TEE

Answer 16

Upper esophageal (UE)
Mid esophageal (ME)
Transgastric (TG)
Deep transgastric (DTG)