Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

NUS 210 Oxygenation & Cardiac - Test 1 > Cardiac > Flashcards

Cardiac Flashcards

1
Q

this occurs when there is a blockage of the coronary arteries

A

myocardial infarction

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

does heparin dissolve clots already formed

A

no - it prevents cloth growth

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

signs and symptoms of MI

A

-pain in jaw, back, epigastric (feels like heartburn), shoulder
-SOB
-nausea
-sweating
-pale cool skin
-anxiety

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

what are the key words to listen for re MI when pt is describing the pain

A

sudden, crushing, radiating

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

what are the risk factors for MI

A

S-stress, smoking, simulants
O-obesity
D-diabetes, HTN
D-diet - high cholesterol (animal fats)
A-african american males & 50+ years old

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

if troponin is over what number, it means MI occured

A

0.4ng/ml

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

what medications are given to lower cholesterol

A

statins

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

what are the cautions for statins

A

no grapefruit
liver toxicity
muscle pain

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

what is antidote for heparin

A

protamine sulfate

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

signs of right sided heart failure

A

peripheral edema
weight gain
JVD - big neck veins
abdominal growth

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

signs of left sided heart failure

A

pulmonary edema (fluid in lungs)
crackles in lungs
pink frothy sputum
orthopnea (difficulty breathing when lying flat)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

what causes right sided heart failure

A

HTN
pulmonary HTN
fibrotic lungs (stiff)
left sided HF

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

what causes left sided heart failure

A

weak heart (after heart attack)
CAD
ACS

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

patient with heart failure who is constipated. what would nurse recommend

a. walking
b. increase fiber
c. stool softeners
d. drink more water

A

a. walking
b. increase fiber
c. stool softeners

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

risk factors for heart failure

A

HTN - #1 risk factor
atrial fibrillation
mitral valve regurgitation
cardiomyopathy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

which food item should the heart failure pt avoid
select all that apply

chips
fruits
veggies
grilled chicken and ff
canned beans
bread

A

canned beans
grilled chicken and ff
chips

all have sodium

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

a client with CHF took cold medicine for her flu. she presents with new productive cough with pink forthy sputum and worsening crackles
what action should the nurse do first

  1. assess lung sounds
  2. give bumetanide IV push
  3. notify HCP
  4. clock out for lunch
A
  1. give bumetanide IV push

new, sudden, worsening, rapid symptoms
#1 action is furosemide = body dried

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

priority interventions for pulmonary edema crisis

A

HOB 45 degrees
Oyxgen
Push furosemide + morphine, positive inotropes
End sodium & fluids — stop IV fluids

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

what to watch for if pt is on digoxin

A

take apical 1 min before
look for toxicity - 2.0+ = vision changes & N/V
watch potassium. 3.5 -5.0 is normal

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

if pt is on furosemide, what do you need to watch for

A

potassium. K+ wasting

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

what do beta blockers do for heart

A

blocks both BP and HR

LOL = LOW

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

cautions for beta blockers (LOL)

A

bradycardia
wheezing (asthma & COPD)
bad for HF pts
hides S/S of blood sugar for diabetics

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

calcium channel blockers do what for heart

A

calms BP & HR

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

nitroglycerin is what kind of medication

A

vasodilator

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

lisinopril & losartan do what

A

lowers BP

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

nursing interventions for heart failure pts - 7

A

diet - low sodium & fluid
risk for falls - change position slowly
BP & BNP should not increase
elevate legs with pillows
daily weights
sex - only if can do 2 flight of stairs with no SOB
stockings

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

do you massage pt’s legs if they have CHF

A

never

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

what OTC meds can a pt have with HF

A

none. no NSAIDS, no cough or flu meds, no Antacids

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

-this is comprised of lipid deposition in intimal layer of artery
-narrows vessel and impairs blood flow
-smooth muscle proliferates, fibrous cap with lipid center

A

atherosclerosis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

what can create chronic endothelial injury which can lead to atherosclerosis

A

HTN
tobacco use
hyperlipidemia
diabetes
toxins
hyperhomocysteinemia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

this is the break down of aminoacids. it can be from diet, lifestyle or hereditary

A

hyperhomocysteinemia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

when the plaque ruptures in artery.
thrombus formation
total occlusion or narrowing of vessel.

what can occur

A

myocardial infarction

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

this is the pain that occurs if you have chronic endothelial injury and then you exercise

A

angina

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

nonmodifiable risk factors of artherlosclerosis

A

age
gender - men younger - 55- , men and women- 55+
race - african, native, asian and mexican americans
hereditary - 40-60% genetic disposition

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

modifable risk factors of atherosclerosis

A

HTN
tobacco use
sedentary lifestyle
high serum lipids
obese
metabolic syndrome
stress
diabetes
homocysteine
substance abuse

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

what is metabolic syndrome

A

high blood pressure,
high blood sugar,
excess body fat around the waist,
and abnormal cholesterol levels.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

is LDL or HDL the bad cholesterol

A

LDL

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

this occurs when there is complete blockage and damage to vessel, but blockage starts to dissolve

A

non ST segment elevation MI

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

why does angina occur

A

no oxygen to heart but not long enough to cause damage

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

this is a complete blockage, and blockage does not dissolve

A

ST segment elevation MI

41
Q

the cells die in heart and there is muscle damage

A

ST segment elevation MI

42
Q

what are the diagnostic tests for angina

A

12 lead EKG
echocardiogram
cardiac cath
stress test
troponin

43
Q

this bloodwork is essential to find out if person had MI.

enzymes are released when there is muscle damage to heart

A

troponin 0-0.04ng/ml normal range

44
Q

clinical manifestations of angina

A

chest pain - severe, crushing
skin clammy/cool
sob
anxiety
n/v
dysrhythmias

45
Q

what medications are used to treat angina

A

nitroglycerine - vasodilator
beta blockers - dialates blood vessels, lowers HR
calcium channel blockers - lowers HR
aspirin or clopidogrel
heparin

46
Q

what medications are used to treat MI

A

aspirin, nitroglycerine, morphine, beta blocker, oxygen

47
Q

when do you use ACE inhibitors

A

when there is damage to the heart you use ACE inhibitors to prevent necrosis from getting worse

48
Q

nursing considerations for acute coronary syndrome

A

-relieve pain and symptoms of ishcemia
-monitor cardiac output
-monitor respiratory status
-monitor fluid volume status
-reduce anxiety
-monitor and manage complications

49
Q

what are the complications of acute coronary syndrome

A

dysrhythmias
cardiogenic shock
pericarditis
valve dysfunction

50
Q

how does left sided heart failure work

A

backs up into left ventricle
then backs up into lungs
fluid in lungs — so you’ll hear crackles at base
pt eventually drowns to death

51
Q

how does right sided heart failure work

A

right ventricle can’t pump as strong so the blood backs up into the body.
this causes welling in the body, edema and abdominal fullness

52
Q

s/s of left sided hf

A

dyspnea, orthopnea
cough
pulmonary crackles
decrease O2 levels
oliguria
nocturia
decreased perfusion to systemic organs

53
Q

s/s of right sided hf

A

lower extremity edema
ascites (acc. of fluid in peritoneal cavity)
hepatomegaly (enlargement of liver)
anorexia
nausea
weight gain due to fluid retention
decreased perfusion
weakness/fatigue, impaired cognition

54
Q

this is the contraction of LV

A

contractivity

55
Q

LV stretches beyond normal and it doesn’t contract back. this leads to decrease CO. like a rubberband without the snap

A

fluid overload

56
Q

this medication works on contractility

2 examples

A

inotrope

digoxin, dobutamin

57
Q

amount of blood pump out of LV in one heartbeat

A

stroke volume

58
Q

how do you calculate the ejection fraction

A

it is the % of blood pumped out each heartbeat

normal is 50-70%

59
Q

this is when the heart muscle is huge. but has good ejection fraction.

A

diastolic HF

60
Q

the heart is big and boggy but can’t pump it, ejection fraction is abnormal.
-poor pumping action
-boggy LV taht can’t pump

A

systolic hf

61
Q

this is the volume or pressure exerted on LV right before contraction

A

preload

62
Q

amount of pressure that LV exerts to pump out blood

A

afterload

63
Q

does the afterload increase or decrease with tight vessels

A

increase afterload

64
Q

does the afterload increase or decrease with open vessels

A

decrease afterload

65
Q

if there is a lot of blood in the preload this is called

A

hypervolemia

66
Q

diastole is when the heart is what

A

at rest

67
Q

systole is when the heart is

A

pumping

68
Q

pt has clinical manifestations of coronary ischemia but ECG or cardiac biomarkers show no evidence of acute MI

this is called what

A

unstable angina

69
Q

the patient has elevated cardiac biomarkers but no definite ECG evidence of acute MI

A

non stemi

70
Q

the patient has ECG evidence of acute MI with characteristics changes in two ECG leads. Significant damage occurs

A

STEMI

71
Q

what is the cardiac specific isoenzyme

A

CK-MB = creatine kinase myocardial band

71
Q

this medication blocks sympathetic response. affects the afterload

A

beta blocker

72
Q

what is an example of a beta blocker

A

metoprolol

73
Q

what do you monitor for when taking beta blocker

A

orthostatic hypotension

74
Q

this reduces preload and afterload

A

nitroglycerine

75
Q

how often do you replace nitroglycerine medication

A

every 6 mos

76
Q

this dilates the arteries (reduced afterload) resulting in decreased BP and decreased work of heart

A

nitroglycerine

77
Q

this is used to treat angina, htn, tachycardia

A

calcium channel blockersq

78
Q

do calcium channel blockers affect preload or afterload

A

afterload

decreases HR, BP, decreases myocardial contractility, slows conduction

79
Q

if pt has HF the pt will be on which type of medication

A

ACE or ARB

80
Q

this is used to prevent remodeling after MI
used dto treat systolic HF

A

ACE and ARBs

81
Q

this creates vasodilation to decrease afterload to improve CO in HF

A

ACE/ARB

82
Q

patient teaching for ARB and ACE

A

monitor BP
avoid salt substitutes bc contain K+

83
Q

pt teaching for calcium channel blockers

A

-report weight gain or swelling in lower extremities

peripheral edema

84
Q

waht do statins do

A

decrease LDL
increase HDL
decrease triglycerides

85
Q

when do you take your statin

A

in the evening when cholesterol is highest

86
Q

pt teaching for statins

A

grapefuit juice - no go
report muscle soreness

87
Q

what medications lower cholesterol

A

statins

88
Q

which medication decreases triglyerides

A

fibrates

89
Q

this is used to treat HF to increase myocardial contractility

A

digoxin

inotropes

90
Q

nursing consideration for inotrope

A

-drug level that’s safe 0.5-2
-listen to apical before giving
-monitor HR
-monitor serum K+

91
Q

this creates a loss of K+, Na and Mg

A

diuretics

92
Q

medication is used to treat HF and HTN by reducing fluid volume

A

furosemide

93
Q

this is K+ sparing diuretic

A

spironolactonw

94
Q

this is used to prevent MI and stroke

taken when ACS is suspected

decreases platelet aggregation

A

aspirin

95
Q

antiplatelet medication - name two

A

prasugrel
clopidogrel

96
Q

what do you assess for after pt has PCI

A
  1. vital signs
  2. look for bleeding
  3. avoid affected arm for bp and draws for 24 hours
  4. leave band on for min two hours
  5. neurovascular checks
  6. leave pulse ox on
97
Q

waht changes do you report to HCP after PCI

A

chance in pts vital signs
any change in pt’s extremity - sensation, pain, bleeding, hematoma, lack of pulse, etc

98
Q
A

NUS 210 Oxygenation & Cardiac - Test 1 (4 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions