Carcinogens in Fods Flashcards
define hyperplasia
an abnormal increase in number of cells
define atypic
cells look slightly abnormal under the microscope
define metaplasia
cells look normal under the microscope, but are not the type of cell normally found in that tissue
define dysplasia
cells develop abnormally
what are the three ways metastasis can develop
- invasion- tutor grows into surrounding tissues or structures
- through the bloodstream- break away from the tumour and enter the bloodstream to travel to a new location
- through the lymphatic system-cancer cells travel to other locations through lymph vessels
what are the three mutations leading to impaired function in DNA repair
- base excision repair
- nucleotide excision repair
- mismatch repair
describe mutations in tumour suppressor genes
- they normally function to slow down cell division
- if not functioning properly cells grow out of control
describe mutations in cell cycle genes
results in cells continuing to divide
describe mutations in apoptosis genes
results in cells that cannot undergo apoptosis are long-living
describe mutations in genes that promote cell proliferation
results in a gain of function and increased cell proliferation
what are the 7 steps to cancer process
dna damage mutation initiation promotion progression invasion metastasis
describe dna damage step of cancer process
- repair incomplete or incorrect
- DNA replication locks error into new strand
describe mutation step of cancer process
- mutation may increase expression/function of a gene that favours cell division or decrease expression/function of a gene that down regulates cell division
what step of the cancer process is irreversibke
initiation
what step of the cancer process makes permanent changed
progression
