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Carcinogenesis Flashcards

1
Q

Define hyperplasias

A

The increase in the number of cells in an organ or tissue

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2
Q

Define metaplasia

A

The replacement of one differentiated somatic cell with another differentiated somatic cell type in the same tissue

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3
Q

Define dysplasia

A

The presence of abnormal cells within a tissue or organ.

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4
Q

Define neoplasia

A
  • neoplastic transformations due to multiple genetic and epigenetic alterations in the cells
  • autonomic uncontrolled cell growth
  • development of new but useless tissue that variables stimulates the tissue of origin
  • new clones of neoplastic cells with new biological characteristics evolve new mutations and epigenetic events
  • benign or malignant.
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5
Q

Explain neoplastic transformation.

A
  • Autonomic uncontrolled cell growth.
  • development of new but useless tissue that variably stimulates the tissue un origin
  • new clones ui neoplastic cells with new biological features evolve following new mutations and epigenetic events,
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6
Q

Factors that affect tumour incidence

A

Increased age, gender, geographic factors, genetic factors, immune suppression, environmental factors, multifactorial

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7
Q

Discuss the significance or the parenchyma of a tumour

A

Transformed neoplastic cells, determines the biological potential of one tumour und one function and the name of the tumour

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8
Q

Discuss the significance of the stroma ur a tumuur

A

The supportive connective tissue and blood vessels which are critical for tumour growth, tumour cells induce angiogenic and other growth factors
The stroma enables transport of nutrients to neoplastic cells, intercellular signalling

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9
Q

Describe tumour angiogenesis.

A

The neoplastic transformation of a single cell which results in the growth of a tumour. Growth limited by the ability u nutrients to diffuse into it. Angiogenic factors are produced which stimulates proliferation and in growth of blood vessels which enables tumour growth to be supported by perfusion.

Tumour eventually outgrows the blood supply and central neurosis occurs.

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10
Q

Describe the sessile pattern of neoplasia

A

Flat and usually goes unnoticed

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11
Q

Describe the polyploid

A

Generally localised without invasion of adjacent tissue there fore generally benign

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12
Q

Describe the behaviour ulcerated, fungating and annular

A

Destructive invasive;malignant

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13
Q

Example of ulcerated tumour

A

Peptic ulcers in the stomach

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14
Q

Example of annular tumour

A

Tb of the small bowel

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15
Q

What tumour shapes are usually benign

A

Sessile, pedunculated polyp and papillary

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16
Q

What tumour shapes are usually malignant

A

Fungating, ulcerated & annular

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17
Q

By what features do neoplasms differ histologically from their corresponding tissue

A
  1. Reduction of differentiation including function of the malignant cells
  2. Reduction of cellular cohesion
  3. Nuclear enlargement, pleomorphism and hyperchomasia
  4. Increased mitotic activity
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18
Q

What are the must severe changes associated with malignancy

A

Anapiasia.

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19
Q

Define anaplasia

A

The loss of structural and functional differentiation of normal cells

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20
Q

What is the function of anaplasia

A

No or abnormal, inappropriate function.

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21
Q

Cytology of anaplasia (6)

A

I. Pleomorphism
2. High nuclear: cytoplasmic
3. Large nucleoli
4. Abnormal mitoses
s. Hyperchromatic nuclei
6. Loss of cellular cunesion.

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22
Q

How are tumours classified

A

According to their behaviour and histogenesis

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23
Q

What are the 3 biological behaviours of tumours

A

Benign, malignant and uncertain.

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24
Q

Histogenesis

A
  • Stimulates the cell of origin
    1. Morphological differentiation
    2. Functional differentiation.
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25
Why ist one precise classification of tumours important
For planning effective treatment.
26
Characteristics of benign tumours.
-Grow slowly - exophytic growth - well differentiated - cytology mimics benign cells - localised and non invasive - ulceration, necrosis rare - no metastases - usually not fatal
27
Characteristics of malignant tumours.
- rapid growth - endophytic - less differentiation - cytology malignant to anaplastic - invasive and destructive ; poorly circumscribed - ulceration, necrosis common - metastases often - often fatal
28
Can hormones stimulate the growth of tumours
Yes. Hormones can stimulate proliferation on neoplastic cells
29
What influence can the reduction of vascular perfusion have on a benign tumour
Ischaemia and necrosis can follow
30
Why are benign tumours usually well circumscribed
Capsule - easy to remove. Destructive infiltration is absent in benign tumours.
31
In what 5 ways may benign tumours cause clinical problems
1. Pressure on adjacent tissue. 2. Obstruction to flow of fluid 3. Production of a hormone 4. Transformation into a malignant neoplasm 5. Anxiety
32
Define a lipoma
A benign tumour of fat with well-circumscribed margins
33
Define a neurofibroma
Benign tumour or peripheral nerve with well-circumscribed margins
34
Define a fibroadenoma
Benign tumour of the breast with men circumscribed margins
35
Define an intraduct papilloma
A benign tumour on the breast with a stalk and well-circumscribed margins without invasion
36
6 Characteristics of malignant tumours
1. Invasive and destructive 2. Rapid growth rate- correlates with growth rate 3. Metastasise 4. Normal effect on neoplastic cells 5. Vascular impairment 6. Immunity-tumour regression occurs.
37
Provide 3 ways as to how malignant tumours show local destructive infiltration.
1. Invade adjacent structures 2. Ulcerations/ necrosis/ bleeding 3. Obstruction,
38
Perineural invasion
Tumour grows along the nerve.
39
What is a sarcoma
A malignant connective tissue tumour that is poorly circumscribed - destructive invasion of adjacent skeletal muscle.
40
Provide 7 ways us to now malignant tumours may cause clinical problems
1. Pressure on and destruction de adjacent tissue 2. Secondary tumour formation 3. Blood loss from ulcerated surfaces 4. Obstruction of flow 5. Production of a hormone 6. Other paraneoplastic effects causing weight loss and debility 7. Anxiety and pain
41
What is histogenetic classification
Classification by cell or tissue of origin
42
What determines one tumour grade or degree of differentiation
The extent To which the tumour resembles histologically and or functionally its cell or tissue of origin
43
Differentiation of benign tumours
Well differentiated
44
Differentiation on lipoma
Tumour cells appear like Normal fat cells
45
Differentiation of liver cell adenoma
Mimics normal liver with bile production, but without purtul truss
46
Differentiation of Adenomas of endocrine glands
Well differentiated morphologically and functionally
47
Differentiation of malignant tumours
Variable grade of differentiation
48
Tumour grading
Well, moderate, pour or as defined according to specific criteria for a particular tumour type
49
3 differentiations that are indicative of biological aggression
Cytological, architectural and functional
50
Liposarcoma differentiation
Tumour cells mimic lipoblasts with large, hyperchromatic pleomorphic nuclei and irregular sized fat globules with scalloping of nuclei
51
Describe the functional differentiation of melanoma
Melanin pigment production by tumour cells. Malignant neoplasm of melanocytes
52
Benign epithelial tumours
Papillomas or adenomas
53
Malignant epithelial tumours
Carcinomas
54
Malignant connective tissue tumours
Sarcomas
55
Smooth muscle tumour
Leiomyoma (benign) and leiomyosarcoma (malignant)
56
Striated muscle
Rhabdomyoma, rhabdomyosarcoma
57
Adipose tissue
Lipoma, liposarcoma
58
Blood vessels
Angioma, angiosarcoma
59
Bone
Osteoma, osteosarcoma
60
Cartilage
Chondroma, chondrosarcoma
61
Mesothelium
Benign mesothelioma , malignant mesothelioma
62
Synovium
Synovioma, synovial sarcoma
63
Carcinoma
Malignant neoplasia of epithelial origin
64
Squamous epithelium
Squamous carcinoma
65
Glandular epithelium
Adenocarcinoma
66
Glandular epithelium with papillary growth pattern
Papillary adenocarcinama
67
Glandular epithelium with cystic grunt butters
Cystadenocarcinoma
68
Carcinoma in situ
Malignant epithelial neoplasm confined to the epithelial layer from which it derives- precursor lesion may be present ( intro epithelial neoplasia or dysplasia) In area around tumour, not invaded yet
69
Difference between screening and diagnostic test
Screening → no symptoms Diagnostic test → symptoms
70
How is the stage of a tumour determined
By looking at the size, The lymph nodes and metastasis , invasion of adjacent organs
71
Benign tumours of mesenchyme
- Oma
72
Malignant tumours of mesenchyne
Sarcomas
73
Burkitt lymphoma
Malignant tumour- a B cell lymphoma associated with ebb and malaria and endemic in certain parts of Africa
74
Ewing sarcoma
A tumour of bone of uncertain histogenesis
75
Hodgkin lymphoma
A lymphoma characterised by the presence of Reed sternberg cans
76
Kaposi sarcoma
Derived from vascular endothelium and associated with aid s and human herpes virus 8 infection
77
A malignant tumour of lymphoid tissue
Lymphoma
78
Malignant tumour of melanaytes
Melanoma
79
Malignant tumour of mesothelium
Mesothelioma
80
Malignant tumour of bone marrow
Leukemia
81
A teratoma
A neoplasm of germ cell origin that forms cells representing all 3 germ cell layers of the embryo. Organoid arrangement of tissue
82
Totipotential stem cell
Potentially any type of tissue/cell
83
Mature teratoma
Skin, hair, thyroid, bruin tissue, bronchus
84
Immature teratoma
Contains variable mixture of immature and mature tissues
85
Mixed germ cell tumour
Immature teratuma with one or more other malignant germ cell components
86
Blastoma
Malignant tumours stimulating the embryological appearance of the organ in which it occurs
87
Nephroblastoma
Malignant tumour in young children <5 - kidney
88
Retinoblastoma
Malignant tumour- eye - children <5
89
Neuroblastoma
In the adrenal medulla or nerve ganglia- may mature into benign ganglioneurama
90
Hepatablastoma
Liver
91
Mixed tumours
Non-organoid combinations of mature tissue types of I germ cell layer e.g. Pleomorphic adenoma Mesenchymal elements Epithelial elements
92
Pleomorphic adenuma
Benign, well circumscribed . Mixed chondromyxoid and duct and myoepithelial cells in a non-organoid pattern
93
Where do Endocrine tumours derive from
- Diffuse endocrine system ( hormone secreting epithelial cells) - neuronal or paraneuronal cells
94
Examples of endocrine tumours
Medullary carcinoma, beta-cell tumuur, adrenal paragangliomas
95
Carcinoid
Now used mainly for serotonin producing neuroendocrine tumour especially in the git or lung - produces no other peptides
96
Polyp
Any macroscopic projection above an epithelial surface. May bec neoplastic or non neoplastic
97
Hamartoma
A tumour like lesion that is not neoplastic. The growth is coordinated with the individual and it lacks the autonomy of a true neoplasm. Always benign and usually consist of two or more mature cell types normally found in the organ in which the lesion Arises
98
Pulmonary harmatoma
Lobules of cartilage with entrapped respiratory epithelium and often ever mesenchymal tissues such us fat, smooth muscle , myxoid stroma
99
Cysts
Epithelium lined, fluid filled structure or space
100
Parasitic cyst
Non neoplastic, hydatid due to echinococcus granulosus
101
Congenital cyst
Due to embryological defects-branchial cyst
102
Retention cyst
Mucous cyst in oral cavity
103
Implantation cyst
Due Tu traumatic implantation
104
Neoplastic cyst examples
Cystic teratoma , cystadenoma, cystadenocarcinoma.
105
How do neoplastic cells show self-sufficiency in Growth signalling
They are relatively or absolutely autonomous, unresponsive to extracellular growth control

Dysfunction (3 decks)

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