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Dysfunction > Carcinogenesis > Flashcards

Carcinogenesis Flashcards

1
Q

Define hyperplasias

A

The increase in the number of cells in an organ or tissue

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2
Q

Define metaplasia

A

The replacement of one differentiated somatic cell with another differentiated somatic cell type in the same tissue

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3
Q

Define dysplasia

A

The presence of abnormal cells within a tissue or organ.

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4
Q

Define neoplasia

A
  • neoplastic transformations due to multiple genetic and epigenetic alterations in the cells
  • autonomic uncontrolled cell growth
  • development of new but useless tissue that variables stimulates the tissue of origin
  • new clones of neoplastic cells with new biological characteristics evolve new mutations and epigenetic events
  • benign or malignant.
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5
Q

Explain neoplastic transformation.

A
  • Autonomic uncontrolled cell growth.
  • development of new but useless tissue that variably stimulates the tissue un origin
  • new clones ui neoplastic cells with new biological features evolve following new mutations and epigenetic events,
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6
Q

Factors that affect tumour incidence

A

Increased age, gender, geographic factors, genetic factors, immune suppression, environmental factors, multifactorial

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7
Q

Discuss the significance or the parenchyma of a tumour

A

Transformed neoplastic cells, determines the biological potential of one tumour und one function and the name of the tumour

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8
Q

Discuss the significance of the stroma ur a tumuur

A

The supportive connective tissue and blood vessels which are critical for tumour growth, tumour cells induce angiogenic and other growth factors
The stroma enables transport of nutrients to neoplastic cells, intercellular signalling

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9
Q

Describe tumour angiogenesis.

A

The neoplastic transformation of a single cell which results in the growth of a tumour. Growth limited by the ability u nutrients to diffuse into it. Angiogenic factors are produced which stimulates proliferation and in growth of blood vessels which enables tumour growth to be supported by perfusion.

Tumour eventually outgrows the blood supply and central neurosis occurs.

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10
Q

Describe the sessile pattern of neoplasia

A

Flat and usually goes unnoticed

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11
Q

Describe the polyploid

A

Generally localised without invasion of adjacent tissue there fore generally benign

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12
Q

Describe the behaviour ulcerated, fungating and annular

A

Destructive invasive;malignant

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13
Q

Example of ulcerated tumour

A

Peptic ulcers in the stomach

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14
Q

Example of annular tumour

A

Tb of the small bowel

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15
Q

What tumour shapes are usually benign

A

Sessile, pedunculated polyp and papillary

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16
Q

What tumour shapes are usually malignant

A

Fungating, ulcerated & annular

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17
Q

By what features do neoplasms differ histologically from their corresponding tissue

A
  1. Reduction of differentiation including function of the malignant cells
  2. Reduction of cellular cohesion
  3. Nuclear enlargement, pleomorphism and hyperchomasia
  4. Increased mitotic activity
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18
Q

What are the must severe changes associated with malignancy

A

Anapiasia.

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19
Q

Define anaplasia

A

The loss of structural and functional differentiation of normal cells

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20
Q

What is the function of anaplasia

A

No or abnormal, inappropriate function.

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21
Q

Cytology of anaplasia (6)

A

I. Pleomorphism
2. High nuclear: cytoplasmic
3. Large nucleoli
4. Abnormal mitoses
s. Hyperchromatic nuclei
6. Loss of cellular cunesion.

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22
Q

How are tumours classified

A

According to their behaviour and histogenesis

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23
Q

What are the 3 biological behaviours of tumours

A

Benign, malignant and uncertain.

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24
Q

Histogenesis

A
  • Stimulates the cell of origin
    1. Morphological differentiation
    2. Functional differentiation.
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25
Q

Why ist one precise classification of tumours important

A

For planning effective treatment.

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26
Q

Characteristics of benign tumours.

A

-Grow slowly
- exophytic growth
- well differentiated
- cytology mimics benign cells
- localised and non invasive
- ulceration, necrosis rare
- no metastases
- usually not fatal

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27
Q

Characteristics of malignant tumours.

A
  • rapid growth
  • endophytic
  • less differentiation
  • cytology malignant to anaplastic
  • invasive and destructive ; poorly circumscribed
  • ulceration, necrosis common
  • metastases often
  • often fatal
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28
Q

Can hormones stimulate the growth of tumours

A

Yes. Hormones can stimulate proliferation on neoplastic cells

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29
Q

What influence can the reduction of vascular perfusion have on a benign tumour

A

Ischaemia and necrosis can follow

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30
Q

Why are benign tumours usually well circumscribed

A

Capsule - easy to remove. Destructive infiltration is absent in benign tumours.

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31
Q

In what 5 ways may benign tumours cause clinical problems

A
  1. Pressure on adjacent tissue.
  2. Obstruction to flow of fluid
  3. Production of a hormone
  4. Transformation into a malignant neoplasm
  5. Anxiety
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32
Q

Define a lipoma

A

A benign tumour of fat with well-circumscribed margins

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33
Q

Define a neurofibroma

A

Benign tumour or peripheral nerve with well-circumscribed margins

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34
Q

Define a fibroadenoma

A

Benign tumour of the breast with men circumscribed margins

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35
Q

Define an intraduct papilloma

A

A benign tumour on the breast with a stalk and well-circumscribed margins without invasion

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36
Q

6 Characteristics of malignant tumours

A
  1. Invasive and destructive
  2. Rapid growth rate- correlates with growth rate
  3. Metastasise
  4. Normal effect on neoplastic cells
  5. Vascular impairment
  6. Immunity-tumour regression occurs.
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37
Q

Provide 3 ways as to how malignant tumours show local destructive infiltration.

A
  1. Invade adjacent structures
  2. Ulcerations/ necrosis/ bleeding
  3. Obstruction,
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38
Q

Perineural invasion

A

Tumour grows along the nerve.

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39
Q

What is a sarcoma

A

A malignant connective tissue tumour that is poorly circumscribed
- destructive invasion of adjacent skeletal muscle.

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40
Q

Provide 7 ways us to now malignant tumours may cause clinical problems

A
  1. Pressure on and destruction de adjacent tissue
  2. Secondary tumour formation
  3. Blood loss from ulcerated surfaces
  4. Obstruction of flow
  5. Production of a hormone
  6. Other paraneoplastic effects causing weight loss and debility
  7. Anxiety and pain
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41
Q

What is histogenetic classification

A

Classification by cell or tissue of origin

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42
Q

What determines one tumour grade or degree of differentiation

A

The extent To which the tumour resembles histologically and or functionally its cell or tissue of origin

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43
Q

Differentiation of benign tumours

A

Well differentiated

44
Q

Differentiation on lipoma

A

Tumour cells appear like Normal fat cells

45
Q

Differentiation of liver cell adenoma

A

Mimics normal liver with bile production, but without purtul truss

46
Q

Differentiation of Adenomas of endocrine glands

A

Well differentiated morphologically and functionally

47
Q

Differentiation of malignant tumours

A

Variable grade of differentiation

48
Q

Tumour grading

A

Well, moderate, pour or as defined according to specific criteria for a particular tumour type

49
Q

3 differentiations that are indicative of biological aggression

A

Cytological, architectural and functional

50
Q

Liposarcoma differentiation

A

Tumour cells mimic lipoblasts with large, hyperchromatic pleomorphic nuclei and irregular sized fat globules with scalloping of nuclei

51
Q

Describe the functional differentiation of melanoma

A

Melanin pigment production by tumour cells. Malignant neoplasm of melanocytes

52
Q

Benign epithelial tumours

A

Papillomas or adenomas

53
Q

Malignant epithelial tumours

A

Carcinomas

54
Q

Malignant connective tissue tumours

A

Sarcomas

55
Q

Smooth muscle tumour

A

Leiomyoma (benign) and leiomyosarcoma (malignant)

56
Q

Striated muscle

A

Rhabdomyoma, rhabdomyosarcoma

57
Q

Adipose tissue

A

Lipoma, liposarcoma

58
Q

Blood vessels

A

Angioma, angiosarcoma

59
Q

Bone

A

Osteoma, osteosarcoma

60
Q

Cartilage

A

Chondroma, chondrosarcoma

61
Q

Mesothelium

A

Benign mesothelioma , malignant mesothelioma

62
Q

Synovium

A

Synovioma, synovial sarcoma

63
Q

Carcinoma

A

Malignant neoplasia of epithelial origin

64
Q

Squamous epithelium

A

Squamous carcinoma

65
Q

Glandular epithelium

A

Adenocarcinoma

66
Q

Glandular epithelium with papillary growth pattern

A

Papillary adenocarcinama

67
Q

Glandular epithelium with cystic grunt butters

A

Cystadenocarcinoma

68
Q

Carcinoma in situ

A

Malignant epithelial neoplasm confined to the epithelial layer from which it derives- precursor lesion may be present ( intro epithelial neoplasia or dysplasia)
In area around tumour, not invaded yet

69
Q

Difference between screening and diagnostic test

A

Screening → no symptoms
Diagnostic test → symptoms

70
Q

How is the stage of a tumour determined

A

By looking at the size, The lymph nodes and metastasis , invasion of adjacent organs

71
Q

Benign tumours of mesenchyme

A
  • Oma
72
Q

Malignant tumours of mesenchyne

A

Sarcomas

73
Q

Burkitt lymphoma

A

Malignant tumour- a B cell lymphoma associated with ebb and malaria and endemic in certain parts of Africa

74
Q

Ewing sarcoma

A

A tumour of bone of uncertain histogenesis

75
Q

Hodgkin lymphoma

A

A lymphoma characterised by the presence of Reed sternberg cans

76
Q

Kaposi sarcoma

A

Derived from vascular endothelium and associated with aid s and human herpes virus 8 infection

77
Q

A malignant tumour of lymphoid tissue

A

Lymphoma

78
Q

Malignant tumour of melanaytes

A

Melanoma

79
Q

Malignant tumour of mesothelium

A

Mesothelioma

80
Q

Malignant tumour of bone marrow

A

Leukemia

81
Q

A teratoma

A

A neoplasm of germ cell origin that forms cells representing all 3 germ cell layers of the embryo. Organoid arrangement of tissue

82
Q

Totipotential stem cell

A

Potentially any type of tissue/cell

83
Q

Mature teratoma

A

Skin, hair, thyroid, bruin tissue, bronchus

84
Q

Immature teratoma

A

Contains variable mixture of immature and mature tissues

85
Q

Mixed germ cell tumour

A

Immature teratuma with one or more other malignant germ cell components

86
Q

Blastoma

A

Malignant tumours stimulating the embryological appearance of the organ in which it occurs

87
Q

Nephroblastoma

A

Malignant tumour in young children <5 - kidney

88
Q

Retinoblastoma

A

Malignant tumour- eye - children <5

89
Q

Neuroblastoma

A

In the adrenal medulla or nerve ganglia- may mature into benign ganglioneurama

90
Q

Hepatablastoma

A

Liver

91
Q

Mixed tumours

A

Non-organoid combinations of mature tissue types of I germ cell layer e.g. Pleomorphic adenoma
Mesenchymal elements
Epithelial elements

92
Q

Pleomorphic adenuma

A

Benign, well circumscribed . Mixed chondromyxoid and duct and myoepithelial cells in a non-organoid pattern

93
Q

Where do Endocrine tumours derive from

A
  • Diffuse endocrine system ( hormone secreting epithelial cells)
  • neuronal or paraneuronal cells
94
Q

Examples of endocrine tumours

A

Medullary carcinoma, beta-cell tumuur, adrenal paragangliomas

95
Q

Carcinoid

A

Now used mainly for serotonin producing neuroendocrine tumour especially in the git or lung - produces no other peptides

96
Q

Polyp

A

Any macroscopic projection above an epithelial surface. May bec neoplastic or non neoplastic

97
Q

Hamartoma

A

A tumour like lesion that is not neoplastic.
The growth is coordinated with the individual and it lacks the autonomy of a true neoplasm.
Always benign and usually consist of two or more mature cell types normally found in the organ in which the lesion Arises

98
Q

Pulmonary harmatoma

A

Lobules of cartilage with entrapped respiratory epithelium and often ever mesenchymal tissues such us fat, smooth muscle , myxoid stroma

99
Q

Cysts

A

Epithelium lined, fluid filled structure or space

100
Q

Parasitic cyst

A

Non neoplastic, hydatid due to echinococcus granulosus

101
Q

Congenital cyst

A

Due to embryological defects-branchial cyst

102
Q

Retention cyst

A

Mucous cyst in oral cavity

103
Q

Implantation cyst

A

Due Tu traumatic implantation

104
Q

Neoplastic cyst examples

A

Cystic teratoma , cystadenoma, cystadenocarcinoma.

105
Q

How do neoplastic cells show self-sufficiency in Growth signalling

A

They are relatively or absolutely autonomous, unresponsive to extracellular growth control

Dysfunction (3 decks)

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