Carcinogenesis

Question 1

Carcinogenesis definition

Answer 1

Carcinogenesis is a multi step process
The transformation of normal cells to neoplastic cells through permanent genetic alterations or mutations
- applies to malignant neoplasms
- oncogenes is = benign and malignant tumours

Question 2

Carcinogen defintion

Answer 2

Agents known or suspected to cause tumours

Question 3

Occupational/behavioural risk

Answer 3

Lung cancer - smoking
Bladder cancer - rubber industries
Scrotal cancer - increased incidence in chimney sweeps

Question 4

Classes of carcinogens

Answer 4

Chemical
Viral
Ionising and non-ionising radiation
Hormones, parasites and mycotoxins
Miscellaneous

Question 5

Host factors

Answer 5

About 15% of all cancers are inherited and other 85% of cancer risk is environmental
- race
- diet
- constitutional factors - age, gender
- premalignant conditions - e.g. colonic polyps, undescended testis, cervical dysplasia
- trans placental exposure

Question 6

Neoplasm defintion

Answer 6

Autonomous, abnormal, persistent new growth
- can only arise from uncleared cells - can’t arise from erythrocytes but can from precursors

Question 7

Tumour

Answer 7

Any abnormal swelling
- neoplasm, inflammation, hypertrophy , hyperplasia