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A-Level Biology > Carbs and Lipids > Flashcards

Carbs and Lipids Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 5 main biological molecules that make up living organisms?

A

Lipids
Carbohydrates
Proteins
DNA
Water

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2
Q

What is a monomer?

A

An individual repeating unit that makes a polymer

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3
Q

What is a polymer?

A

Many regular, repeating units of monomers

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4
Q

Give two examples of monomers:

A

Monosaccharides, amino acids and nucleotides

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5
Q

What is a monosaccharide?

A

The monomer from which polysaccharides are made. They are carbohydrates

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6
Q

What is a disaccharide?

A

2 monosaccharides joined together

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7
Q

What is a polysaccharide?

A

3 or more monosaccharides joined together

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8
Q

What type of reaction is used to join monomers together?

A

Condensation reaction

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9
Q

What is a condensation reaction?

A

A reaction that joins two molecules together with the formation of a chemical bond and the elimination of a molecule of water.

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10
Q

What does the suffix “-lysis” mean?

A

To split

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11
Q

What type of reaction is used to separate disaccharides or polysaccharides?

A

Hydrolysis

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12
Q

What is a hydrolysis reaction?

A

A reaction that breaks a chemical bond between two molecules and involves the use of a water molecule.

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13
Q

Which reaction gives out a water molecule, condensation or hydrolysis?

A

Condensation

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14
Q

Which reaction requires a water molecule, condensation or hydrolysis?

A

Hydrolysis

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15
Q

What are the four monosaccharides you need to know?

A

α-glucose
β-glucose
Galactose
Fructose

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16
Q

What are the three disaccharides you need to know?

A

Maltose
Lactose
Sucrose

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17
Q

What are the three polysaccharides you need to know?

A

Starch
Glycogen
Cellulose

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18
Q

Which two monosaccharides make Maltose?

A

α-glucose + α-glucose

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19
Q

Which two monosaccharides make Lactose?

A

α-glucose + galactose

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20
Q

Which two monosaccharides make Sucrose?

A

α-glucose + fructose

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21
Q

What monosaccharide makes up starch?

A

α-glucose

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22
Q

What monosaccharide makes up glycogen?

A

α-glucose

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23
Q

What monosaccharide makes up cellulose?

A

β-glucose

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24
Q

Draw the simplified structure of α-glucose

A
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25
Q

Draw the simplified structure of β-glucose

A
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26
Q

Draw the simplified structure of galactose

A
27
Q

What is the formula for alpha glucose, beta glucose and galactose?

A

C6H12O6

28
Q

What are isomers?

A

Compounds that have the same molecular formula but are structurally different

29
Q

What type of bond does a condensation reaction between two α-glucose make?

A

α 1,4 glycosidic bond

30
Q

How are polysaccharides formed?

A

Polysaccharides are formed by combining many monosaccharides via condensation reaction

31
Q

What is starch?

A

A polysaccharide of glucose joined via condensation reactions, to form glycosidic bonds

32
Q

What type of glycosidic bonds do starch molecules have?

A

α 1,4 and α 1,6 bonds

33
Q

Describe the structure of starch/glycogen and explain how it aids its function

A

It’s
- Large so it won’t diffuse out of a cell
- Insoluble so osmotically inactive
- Alpha helix shape so its a compact energy store
- Branched so it an rapidly release alpha glucose when needed

34
Q

What is glycogen?

A

A polysaccharide of many alpha glucose joined via condensation reactions to form glycosidic bonds

35
Q

What is the difference between starch and glycogen?

A

Glycogen is much bigger, contains more 1,6 bonds and is much more branched because it’s used in animals which require much more energy for cell activity

36
Q

Where and in what form is starch found in?

A

In plant cells in the form of grain

37
Q

Where and in what form is glycogen found?

A

In granules in the cytoplasm of animal cells

38
Q

What is cellulose?

A

A polysaccharide of many β-glucose molecules joined through condensation reactions to form β 1,4 glycosidic bonds

39
Q

What is cellulose used for?

A

Building cell walls

40
Q

What is special about the formation of β-glucose molecules in cellulose?

A

Every other molecule is inverted

41
Q

Why is cellulose arranged the way it is?

A

Because if they were left the right way up next to each other, there would be no oxygen left to form a glycosidic bond and so the molecule couldn’t be condensed

42
Q

Describe the structure of cellulose and how its aids function

A
  • Made from beta glucose which allows long straight chains to form
  • Parallel chains for hydrogen bond crosslinks which adds strength to cell walls
  • Cellulose can form micro fibrils which join to form fibres which adds strength
43
Q

What is a reducing sugar?

A

One that is able to lose an electron and give it to another compound (reduce it)

44
Q

How do we test for reducing sugars?

A
  1. Add Benedict’s solution to the sample
  2. Heat the solution
  3. Colour change from Blue to Green, Yellow, Orange or Red means a positive result
45
Q

Why does a colour change occur when you add a reducing sugar to Benedict’s?

A

Benedict’s solution contains Cu2+ ions in the form of blue Copper (II) Sulphate. When When copper sulphate is reduced it becomes red Copper (I) Oxide

46
Q

What type of data is the results from the test for reducing sugars?

A

Semi-quantitative. It gives an idea of concentration but not an exact value

47
Q

How do you test for non reducing sugars?

A
  1. Following a negative Benedict’s test
  2. Boil the sample with HCl to hydrolyse the non reducing sugar
  3. Cool, then neutralise using NaOH
  4. Add Benedict’s
  5. Heat
  6. Colour change from Blue to Red
48
Q

Why do you need to boil non reducing sugars before testing for them?

A

To hydrolyse them into reducing monosaccharides in order to get a colour change and prove that there was a sugar present

49
Q

How do you test for starch?

A
  1. Add iodine to the sample
  2. Orange to Blue Black is a positive result
50
Q

What can lipids be used for?

A
  • Storing Energy
  • Insulation (Thermal and Electrical) e.g. myelin sheets cover nerves
  • Waterproofing, in the form of a waxy cuticle on leaves
  • Protection (heart and kidneys)
51
Q

What are the two types of lipids?

A
  • Triglycerides
  • Phospholipids
52
Q

What is the difference between saturated and unsaturated fats?

A

The presence of a C=C double bond

53
Q

What is the difference between fats and oils?

A

Fats are lipids that are solid at room temperature and oils are lipids that are liquid at room temperature.

54
Q

What type of bond occurs between glycerol and fatty acids?

A

Ester bond

55
Q

Describe the structure of triglycerides and explain how it aids its function

A
  1. Insoluble so osmotically inactive
  2. Low mass to energy ratio so you don’t have to carry a heavy energy store
  3. High ratio of H atoms to O atoms so water can be released during break down
  4. High ratio of energy storing C – H bonds so its an energy dense molecule
56
Q

Which 4 molecules make up a phospholipid?

A

Phosphate, Glycerol, 2 Fatty Acids

57
Q

Which region of a phospholipid is hydrophobic?

A

The tail

58
Q

Which region of a phospholipid is hydrophilic?

A

The head

59
Q

Describe the structure of phospholipids and explain how it aids function.

A
  1. Hydrophobic and hydrophilic regions (amphipathic) which allows phospholipid bilayer to form
  2. Glycolipids can form which allows for cell recognition.
60
Q

What is the test for lipids?

A
  1. Add ethanol to the sample
  2. Shake
  3. Add to distilled water
  4. White milky emulsion forms if positive
61
Q

What type of reaction joins monomers together?

A

condensation

62
Q

What type of reaction breaks polymers into their monomers?

A

hydrolysis

63
Q

What type of bond joins glycerol and fatty acids?

A

Ester bond

64
Q
A

A-Level Biology (5 decks)

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