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CH112 > Carbs 3 > Flashcards

Carbs 3 Flashcards

1
Q

what do the extracellular spaces of connective tissues consist of ?

A

collagen and elastin fibres embedded in a gel like matrix

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2
Q

what is the gel like matirx largely composed of ?

A

glycosaminoglycans called GAG’s or mucopolysachharides

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3
Q

whast the texture of GAG solutions and why?

A

slimy and mucous like due to their high viscosity and elasticity

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4
Q

whats the composition of GAG’s ?

A

linear chains of repeating disaccharide’s in which one or both of the monosacarides have a negatively charged functional group.

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5
Q

what can these negative functional groups be ?

A

sulfate or carboxylate

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6
Q

what is hyaluronic acid a vital component of and what form is the structure ?

A

synovial fluid and the virtuous humour of the eye , chair form

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7
Q

what happens if hylauronic acid is highly hydrated ?

A

it becomes an extended , rigid structure

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8
Q

what is shear rate ?

A

this is the rate of change of velocity at which one layer of fluid passes over an adjacent layer

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9
Q

at low shear rate what do the hylaronnate molecules form ?

A

a tangled mass that impedes flow

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10
Q

what’s the viscosity at high shear rate ?

A

High

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11
Q

due to these properties of shear rate what are hyaluronate solutions good at ?

A

being shock absorbers and lubricants

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12
Q

what functional group does heparin have per disaccaride unit ?

A

2-3 sulfate groups

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13
Q

what does this make it ?

A

the most negatively charged bio polymer

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14
Q

what is the function of heparin ?

A

it is found in the lining of the arterial walls and inhibits the clotting of blood

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15
Q

what is keratan sulfate a component of ?

A

cartlidge , bone , hair , nails and cornea

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16
Q

what functional groups does keratan sulfate contain ?

A

amide and sulfide

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17
Q

what does cartlidge contain ?

A

collagen mesh fibres that are combined with glycoproteins which contain keratan sulfate and chondroitan sulfate

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18
Q

what makes the cartilage highly hydrated ?

A

the negatively charged sulfate groups

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19
Q

what displaces these water molecules and what occurs?

A

mechanical compression displaces the water molecules until the negatively charged sulfate groups repel and they resist further compression

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20
Q

what is chondrotin sulfate a major component of ?

A

cartilage and other connective tissues

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21
Q

what is dermatan sulfate a epimer of ?

A

chondroiton 4 sulfate

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22
Q

where is dermatan sulfate mainly found ?

A

skin and connective tissues

23
Q

where are GAG’s found in bacteria ?

A

found in the chair form in the cell walls

24
Q

what is the polysaccharide component of cell walls ?

A

this is linear chains of 1’4b linked NAG and NAM

25
Q

what is the peptide chains in the cell walls composed of ?

A

they are covalently cross linked via the polysaccarides

26
Q

what is the covalent linkage between the polypetide and polysaccaride occur by ?

A

through the amide functional group , this is formed by the carboxylic acid functional group of an NAM and an amine fucntional group from Ala residue

27
Q

how does penicillin kill bacteria ?

A

by inhibiting cel wall biosynthesis as it binds and inactivates the enzymes responsible for cross linking the peptioglycan strands

28
Q

what are the molecular structures on a cell surface vital for

A

to recognise and respond to molecules on adjacent cell surfaces

29
Q

how is a polypeptide part of a glycoprotein synthesised ?

A

translation

30
Q

how is the carbohydrate component produced ?

A

by enzymes

31
Q

how is the location of the carbohydrate seen?

A

by electron microscopy

32
Q

where is the carbohydrate normally located and what does this mean ?

A

normally on external surface so it interacts firstly with a molecule or substance

33
Q

what are o linked glycoproteins ?

A

this is when the carbohydrates are normally linked to the polypeptide chain by the OH of the following amino acid side chains ( serine , theronine )

34
Q

where do o linked polysaccarides tend to be clustered in ?

A

heavily glycosylated segments rather than be spread out along the polypeptide chain

35
Q

what does mucus contain ?

A

o linked glycoproteins with negatively charged sulfate groups which repel one another to prevent secondary structures from forming

36
Q

what is mucin and what do they from ?

A

this is the protein component of mucus and they from intertangled networks that act as viscoelastic gels which protect and lubricate the mucous membranes

37
Q

what determines the blood group ?

A

the structure of the carbohydrate on the cell surface of the glycoprotein

38
Q

what does this carbohydrate mean ?

A

that blood can only be transferred between people if the carbohydrate in the donor and acceptor are compatible

39
Q

what happens if the blood carbohydrate in the acceptor doesn’t match ?

A

the blood is considered a foreign substance and it leads to agglutination of the erythrocytes and can lead to a fatal blood vessel blockage.

40
Q

what are N linked glycoproteins?

A

this is when a sugar is at the link normally N acetylgalactosamine but mannose , galactose or xylose can be used instead. The glycoproteins are linked to the sugar by the amide nitrogen of asparagine

41
Q

type O blood group ?

A

this is missing the carbohydrate group

42
Q

does the type A blood immune system recognise type B blood as itself ?

A

nope recognises as forgein substance

43
Q

is type o blood recognised as forgein in type A B or AB and why ?

A

nope as the carb part is also a component in type a , B and AB

44
Q

what are siayl lewisX acids ?

A

these are cell surface carbohydrates that contain a sialic acid group , they are front line scouts for infection

45
Q

what happens to a trauma site upon injury ?

A

the site displays proteins called selectins that signal the site of injury. These selectins then bind to sialyl lewisX acid which causes adhesion of leukocytes. This recruitment is central to the inflammatory response

46
Q

whats a strategy to avoiding the over active inflammatory response ?

A

to disrupt the leukocyte adhesion by blocking the selectin binding to the siayl lewisX acid.

47
Q

why have synthetic siayl lewisX acids been developed ?

A

to help and identify the key functional groups used in recognition and binding

48
Q

what is the composition of new serum proteins ?

A

they have N linked oligosaccarides with the chains terminated at 3 strands that have salic acid end caps covering the galactose units

49
Q

what happens when the glycoprtoteins circulate ?

A

the salic acid end caps from the glycoproteins are cleaved by enzymes in the blood vessel walls so that the galactose units are exposed , the asialglycoprotein receptor in the liver then binds to the galactose units

50
Q

what occurs as more galactose units are exposed ?

A

they bind more tightly to the asialglycoprotein recpetor in the liver

51
Q

what happens once the binding occurs ?

A

the asialglycoprotein complex is then absorbed and degraded by the cell

52
Q

whats a treatment against viruses?

A

by inhibiting the neuramidases ( enzymes ) that cleave the salic acid glycoside bond. The inhibitor binds more tightly than the usual substrate

53
Q

what are tamiflu and relenza ?

A

these are transtition state analouge inhibitors of influenza neuramidase

CH112 (14 decks)

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