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Chemistry A level > Carboxylic Acids + Derivatives > Flashcards

Carboxylic Acids + Derivatives Flashcards

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1
Q

What are Carboxylic Acids?

A

Compounds with the Carboxyl (-COOH) functional group which has a carboxyl group (C=O) and a Hydroxyl Group (O-H)

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2
Q

How do you name Carboxylic Acids?

A

Find the longest carbon chain then adding ‘-oic acid’ on the end. Carboxyl group is always Carbon 1. The carboxyl group will always be at the end

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3
Q

Carboxylic Acids are weak acids. What does this mean?

A

They dissociate partially to form a H+ ion and a carboxylate ion and equilibrium lies to the left as it dissociates poorly

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4
Q

When they react with Carbonates (CO3 2-), What is formed?

A

Salt, Carbon Dioxide and water

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5
Q

Write the equation when ethanoic acid reacts with sodium carbonate?

A

2CH3COOH (Aq) + Na2CO3(s) –> 2CH3COONa + H2O + CO2

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6
Q

Write the equation when ethanoic acid reacts with sodium hydrogen carbonate?

A

CH3COOH + NaHCO3 –> CH3COONa + H2O + CO2

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7
Q

What are the 2 ways esters can be formed?

A
  • Reacting alcohols with carboxylic acids w/ sulphuric acid catalyst
  • Reacting alcohols with acid anhydrides
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8
Q

How are esters named?

A

Named in 2 sections, first bit is from the alcohol (alkyl) and the second bit is from the carboxylic acid (oate)

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9
Q

Give some uses of Esters?

A
  • Perfumes + food flavourings
  • Solvents
  • Plasticisers
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10
Q

Why are Esters good solvents?

A

Esters are polar molecules so other polar compounds will dissolve readily in esters. Also have low boiling points and evaporate easily. This makes them valuable in making glues

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11
Q

Why are Esters used as plasticisers?

A

Used to make plastics more flexible during polymerisation. They can leach out of the plastic over time and the plastic becomes brittle

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12
Q

Why are Esters used as perfumes + food flavourings?

A

Some esters have sweet smells such as pear drops.

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13
Q

Explain the process of Ester Hydrolysis

A

Esters can be hydrolysed (splitting using water) however it can be sped up using acid (acid hydrolysis) and a base hydrolysis

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14
Q

Explain the process of Acid Hydrolysis

A

Use dilute acid to split ester into a carboxylic acid and an alcohol. We can use sulphuric or hydrochloric acid and is conducted under reflux

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15
Q

What happens to equilibrium if more water is added?

A

Shifts right and more product is produced

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16
Q

Explain the process of Base Hydrolysis

A

Use dilute base to split ester into a carboxylate ion and an alcohol. We can use sodium hydroxide and is conducted under reflux.

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17
Q

What happends when u react glycerol (alcohol) and fatty acids (carboxylic acid)?

A

It produces an ester which makes fats and oil

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18
Q

What is an oil?

A

An ester

19
Q

Why do Vegetable oils have lower melting points and are liquid at room temperature?

A

They have unsaturated hydrocarbon chains that aren’t straight which means the chains cant pack together closely and hence they have lower van der waals forces

20
Q

What type of molecule is fat?

A

An ester

21
Q

Why do Animal Fats have higher melting points and are solids at room temperature?

A

They have saturated hydrocarbon chains that are straight and more uniform than oils which means the chains can pack together closer hence have much higher van der waal forces

22
Q

How do you make soap?

A

Hydrolyse animal fats or vegetable oils by heating with sodium hydroxide.

23
Q

How do you make bio diesels?

A

Vegetable oils can be converted into biodiesel by reactin oils with methanol and a potassium hydroxide as a catalyst

24
Q

What is Biodiesel?

A

Mixture of fatty acids made from methyl esters and can be made from rapeseed oil

25
Q

What are Acyl Chlorides?

A

Acid chlorides have the functional group (-COCl) which contains the acyl group (COCl)

26
Q

How are Acyl Chlorides named?

A

Finding longest carbon chain and adding ‘-oyl chloride’ at the end. Carbon on th acyl group is always carbon 1 and the acyl group will always be at the end of the molecule

27
Q

What do acyl chlorides react with and what happens?

A

Water, Ammonia, Alcohol, primary amines. In each reaction the Cl is substituted for either an oxygen or nitrogen

28
Q

What are Acid Anhydrides?

A

A molecule made from 2 carboxylic acids that are the same

29
Q

How are Acid Anydrides name?

A

They are named by knowing the carboxylic acid it is made from and removing the acid and anhydride on the end.

30
Q

What do Acid Anhydrides react with and what happens?

A

It reacts with water, ammonia, alcohol and primary amines. Very similar to acyl chlorides except they are less vigourous.

31
Q

What type of reacts do acid chlorides undergo?

A

Nucleophilic Addition – Elimination

32
Q

Why do Acid chlorides undergo nucleophilic addition-elimination?

A

Acid chlorides have a strong δ+ on the carbon which is susceptible to attack from nucleophiles. They have a strong δ+ as the oxygen and chlorine atoms are electronegative and draw electrons towards themselves

33
Q

What is Aspirin?

A

An ester made by reactin ethanoic anhydride or ethanoyl chloride and salicylic acid

34
Q

Why is ethanoic anhydride used instead of ethanoyl chloride in industry?

A
  • Safer as its less corrosive
  • Safer as it dsoesnt produce harmful HCl gas
  • Safer as it doesn’t react vigorously with water
  • Cheaper
35
Q

What are Amides?

A

Derivatives of carboxylic acids and have the functional group of –CONH2

36
Q

What is formed when ethanoyl chloride reacts with water?

A

Ethanoic acid + HCl

Vigorous reaction and white misty fumes of hydrogen chloride gas produced

37
Q

What is formed when ethanoyl chloride reacts with ammonia

A

Ethanamide + HCl

Vigorous reaction and white misty fumes of hydrogen chloride gas produced

38
Q

What is formed when ethanoyl chloride reacts with Methanol

A

Methyl ethanoate + HCl

Vigorous reaction and white misty fumes of hydrogen chloride gas produced

39
Q

What is formed when ethanoyl chloride reacts with Methyl amine?

A

N - Methyl ethanamide + HCl

Vigorous reaction and white misty fumes of hydrogen chloride gas produced

40
Q

What is formed when ethanoic anhydride reacts with water

A

2 ethanoic acids

41
Q

What is formed when ethanoic anhydride reacts with ammonia

A

Ethanamide and ethanoic acid

42
Q

What is formed when ethanoic anhydride reacts with methanol

A

Methyl ethanoate + ethanoic acid

43
Q

What is formed when ethanoic anhydride reacts with methylamine

A

N - methyl ethanamide + ethanoic acid

Chemistry A level (10 decks)

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