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Chemistry Unit 4 > Carboxylic Acids And Their Derivatives > Flashcards

Carboxylic Acids And Their Derivatives Flashcards

1
Q

Order the acidities of carboxylic acid, phenols, alcohols and water

A

Order of decreasing acidity
Carboxylic Acid
Phenols
Water
Alcohols

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2
Q

Name the type of reaction carried out when an alcohol reacts to form A carboxylic acid

A

Oxidation

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3
Q

What reaction conditions are required to ensure complete oxidation of the alcohol to the carboxylic acid?

A

Excess oxidising agent needs to be added to the alcohol and it must be heated under reflux

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4
Q

What reducing agent is used to reduce carboxylic acid to alcohols?

A

LiAlH4

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5
Q

Why is NaBH4 used to reduced aldehydes and ketones but not carboxylic acid?

A

It is a safer reducing agent than LiAlH4 and preferred when reducing aldehydes and ketones but NaBH4 cannot be used when reducing carboxylic acids as it is not reactive enough

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6
Q

What reagents are required to oxidise methylbenzene to benzoic acid ?

A

Alkaline potassium manganate is added first once a dark brown ppt forms, the mixtureis acidified with dilute sulfuric acid

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7
Q

What is decarboxylation?

A

Process by which a CO2 group is removed
The compound descends the homologous series

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8
Q

What reagent is used for decarboxylation and how is it usually shown?

A

Soda lime- NaOH

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9
Q

Describe the process of decarboxylation

A

1) The acid is added to Sodium Hydroxide where the acid is turned into its salt e.g sodium propanoate and water is a also a waste product
2) The salt is added to soda lime and strongly heated to form the alkane and also sodium carbonate

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10
Q

What is formed when an alcohol reacts with a carboxylic acid?

A

An ester
Functional group = -COO-

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11
Q

Whatconditions and catalyst are required for esterification?

A

Alcohol and carboxylic and must be heated in the presence of a strong acid cataylst e.g. Concentrated sulfuric acid

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12
Q

How are esters named??

A

Alcohol comes first then the acid
E.g butanoic acid and propanol form
Propyl butanoate

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13
Q

What are the identifying properties of esters?

A

Sweet smelling compounds which are often used in flavourings and perfumes
low boiling points and make good solvents

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14
Q

Why might hydrogen chloride be used as a catalyst in esterification instead of Conc sulfuric acid ?

A

Hydrogen chloride gives a better yield since no aliens side products are formed

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15
Q

What reagents can be used to produce an acyl chloride from a carboxylic acid?

A

Phosphorus Chloride
Sulfur Dichloride Oxide

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16
Q

What products would be made if Ethanoic acid and phosphorus chloride react?

A

CH3COCl + POCl3 + HCl

17
Q

Why is sulfur dichloride oxide the preferred reagent when making acid chloride?

A

The byproducts are gaseous so it is easier to obtain the acid chloride. Whereas it is more difficult with the other reagents

18
Q

Name the type of reaction in which esters and acid chlorides can react to form a carboxylic acid

A

Hydrolysis

19
Q

What are the different setups for acid and base hydrolysis of an ester?

A

Acid = The ester must be refluxed with a dilute acid e.g. HCl
Base = The ester must be refluxed with a dilute alkali e.g. NaOH

20
Q

What are the differences in products formed when ethyl Ethanoate undergoes acid and base hydrolysis ?

A

Acid = Ethanoic acid and ethanol
Base = Ethanoate ion and ethanol (dilute acid added to acidify to Ethanoic acid)

21
Q

How is an amide formed from a carboxylic acid?

A

Ammonia is added in excess of the carboxylic acid until the ammonium salt is formed.
The ammonium salt is heated to undergo dehydration( removes H2O) and produce an amide

22
Q

What is the mechanism from making an amide from a carboxylic acid?

A

Nucleophilic addition - elimination
Ammonia added
Water taken away

23
Q

How is a nitrile made from an amide?

A

The amide is strongly heated with Phosphorus Oxide (P4O10) to produce the nitrile

24
Q

Give the reactants and conditions to form a hydroxynitrile from an aldehyde

A

Potassium / sodium cyanide is added to sulfuric acid to produce hydrogen cyanide ( This is the Nucleophile)
Needs to be done in temperatures of 20c

25
Q

Why isn’t hydrogen cyanide added directly to the Aldehyde for Nucleophilic addition?

A

It is a very poisonous gas

26
Q

How is a nitrile produced from a Halogenoalkane and what type of mechanism is this?

A

Add potassium cyanide in ethanol solvent
Nucleophilic substitution - The halogen is substituted out of the compound for the cyanide group to bind

Chemistry Unit 4 (7 decks)

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