carboxylic acids and derivatives Flashcards
define: carboxylic acid
a molecule with an alcohol group bonded to a carbonyl group
what is a carbonyl group?
COOH
what do we observe when carboxylic acids react with carbonates?
bubbles caused by the production of CO2
carboxylic acid + metal –>
salt + hydrogen
carboxylic acid + metal carbonate –>
salt + water + CO2
carboxylic acid + metal oxide –>
salt + water
what do carboxylic ions ionise to form?
carboxylate ions (ate)
solubility of carboxylic acids:
completely soluble in water
melting point of carboxylic acids:
higher melting point as a result of being able to form dimers
define: dimer
when 2 molecules bond with 2 H+ bonds
heptanoic acid and potassium hydroxide react to form:
potassium heptanoate and water
propanoic acid and sodium hydroxide react to form:
sodium propanoate and water
define: ester
a molecule which contains the ester functional group (R1COOR2)
what is the reversible reaction containing:
esters
carboxylic acids
alcohol
water
carboxylic acid + alcohol <—> ester + water
how are esters formed?
under what conditions?
from carboxylic acids and alcohols
a strong acid is used as a catalyst and heat also needs to be applied to the solution
what conditions do esters hydrolise in?
what does this form?
acidic conditions
to form a carboxylic acid and alcohol
ester + alkaline –>
salt + alcohol
name an ester formed from pentanoic acid and propanol
propylpentanoate
name an ester formed from butanol and ethanoic acid
butylethanoate
how are soaps formed?
by hydrolising esters in alkaline conditions
what is biodiesel?
long chain hydrocarbons
what reaction produces biodiesel?
vegetable oil and methanol in the presence of a strong acid
ethanoic acid + dichloride –>
the acyl + SO2 + HI
name the acyl chloride derived from propanoic acid:
propanoyl chloride
what are acid anhydrides?
molecules with 2 carbonyl groups bonded to the same oxygen atom
acid anhydride functional group:
RCOOCOR
acid anhydride / acyl chloride + water –>
carboxylic acid
what do acid anhydrides smell like?
vinegar
why cant you measure the solubility of acid anhydrides and acyl chlorides?
because they both react with water
acyl chloride + alcohol –>
ester + HCl
order these from most reactive to least reactive:
acid anhydrides
acyl chlorides
carboxylic acids
most: acyl chlorides
acid anhydrides
least: carboxylic acids
acyl chloride + water –>
carboxylic acid + HClaci
d anhydride + water –>
2 carboxylic acids
ethanoic anhydride + methanol –>
methyl ethanoate + ethanoic acid
ethaboic anhydride + water –>
2 ethanoic acids
ethanoic anhydride + 2 ammonia –>
amide + ethanoic energy
ethanoic anhydride + primary amine –>
amide + ethanoate salt
whats the differentce between a primary, secondary and tertiary amine?
primary: 1 methyl
secondary: 2 methyl
tertiary: 3 methyl
