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Chemistry Unit 4 > Carbonyl Group > Flashcards

Carbonyl Group Flashcards

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1
Q

What is the functional group of carboxylic acids?

A

RCOOH

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2
Q

What is the pH of carboxylic acids?

A

3-6 so very weak acids

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3
Q

Why are carboxylic acids weak?

A

The H+ ions only partially disassociate.

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4
Q

How can carboxylic acids be chemically tested?

A

Add sodium carbonate solution and it will effervesce- bubble into limewater and it will turn cloudy if the gas was CO2.

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5
Q

Why do carboxylic acids have high boiling points?

A

They form hydrogen bonds.

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6
Q

What is the functional group of esters?

A

R’COOR

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7
Q

How are esters produced?

A

By reacting carboxylic acids with alcohols with a H+ concentrated H2SO4 catalyst.

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8
Q

How can esters be separated from their production mixture?

A

They are more volatile so can be distilled off.

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9
Q

What is produced when propane-1,2,3-triol (glycerol) when it is reacted with long chain carboxylic acids?

A

Vegetable and animal fats

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10
Q

How is biodiesel produced?

A

By reacting a triglyceride (Vegetable oil/animal fat) with an alcohol in the presence of an alkaline catalyst.

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11
Q

How is soap produced?

A

Hydrolyse triglycerides to produce soap and glycerol.

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12
Q

How does soap work?

A

It creates a micelle in which the dirt is isolated since the soap will have a hydrophobic tail and hydrophilic head.

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13
Q

What is biodiesel?

A

A mixture of methyl esters from long chain fatty acids (triglycerides)

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14
Q

What catalyst is used in the production of biodiesel?

A

Sodium Hydroxide

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15
Q

Why is an acid catalyst in the hydrolysis of esters undesirable?

A

It is a reversible reaction so products cannot be obtained in a full yield.

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16
Q

Why is a base catalysed hydrolysis reaction better with esters?

A

The base will react with the acid produced to produce a salt which makes the reaction non-reversible.

17
Q

Why can weak nucleophiles react with acyls? (especially acid chlorides)

A

The carbon is attached to two electronegative species so has a greater 𝛅+ charge meaning it is more attractive to nucleophiles. Acid chloride especially because the chloride is a good leaving group.

18
Q

Why do the electrons from the C=O moves and not the C-Cl?

A

The C=O is weaker since one of the pairs can move and the other will still be intact.

19
Q

How is aspirin produced?

A

2-hydroxybenzoic acid is reacted with ethnic anhydride so it can be acylated.

20
Q

What are the advantages of acid anhydride over acid chloride in the production of aspirin?

A

Cheaper
Safer- less corrosive and reacts slower with water
Doesn’t produce dangerous fumes of HCl

21
Q

What is the disadvantage of using Acid anhydride over acid chloride in the production of aspirin?

A

Water is used in acid anhydride but this water could react with 2-hydroxybenzoic acid (but carboxylic acids aren’t as readily reactive)

22
Q

How are acid chlorides produced?

A

by reacting a carboxylic acid with PCl5

23
Q

How are acid anhydrides produced?

A

By reacting (2) carboxylic acid with P4O10

24
Q

Why must the reaction of cyanide and aldehydes/keytones be in solution?

A

So that the H+ ions can attached to the -ve oxygen group

25
Q

What are the dangers associated with reacting HCN/KCN with aldehydes/keytones?

A

HCN is toxic and KCN can react with the hydrogen ions in solution to produce this HCN.

26
Q

What is the nucleophile used to reduce aldehydes/keytones?

A

:H-

27
Q

Where does :H- come from?

A

NaBH4

28
Q

Why are compounds with the carbonyl group quite reactive?

A

The C=O bond is very polar so will attract nucleophiles.

29
Q

What is the mechanism with acyls called?

A

Nucleophilic addition elimination

30
Q

How can you find out if a substance is pure?

A

Measure the melting point and compare with one in data book. The range over which the substance melts should be low.

Chemistry Unit 4 (6 decks)

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