Carbonyl compounds

Question 1

alcohol to carboxylic acid - type and conditions

Answer 1

oxidation
heat, reflux, acidified potassium dichromate reagent

Question 2

2 tests for weak acids

Answer 2

Na₂CO₃
NaHCO₃

Question 3

carboxylic acid + sodium carbonate test equation

Answer 3

2 CH₃COOH + Na₂CO₃ > 2 CH₃COO^-Na⁺ + H₂O + CO₂

Question 4

carboxylic acid + sodium hydrogencarbonate test equation

Answer 4

CH₃COOH + NaHCO₃ > CH₃COO^-Na⁺ + H₂O + CO₂

Question 5

carboxylic acid and alcohol - type and condition

Answer 5

esterification
conc. H₂SO₄ catalyst

Question 6

name of CH(=O)
O-CH(CH₃)(C₂H₅)</sup>

Answer 6

1-methylpropylmethanoate

Question 7

acid + alcohol reaction type and conditions

Answer 7

esterification
conc. H₂SO₄

Question 8

4 uses of esters

Answer 8

food flavouring
plasticisers
perfume
glue

Question 9

esters to carboxylic acid and alcohol - type and conditions

Answer 9

(acid / alkaline) hydrolysis

(conc. H₂SO₄ + heat)

Question 10

acid hydrolysis of propyl ethanoate equation

Answer 10

CH₃COOHCH₂CH₂CH₃ + H₂O ⇌ CH₃COOH + CH₃CH₂CH₂OH

Question 11

alkaline hydrolysis of methyl propanoate

Answer 11

CH₃CH₂COOCH₃ + NaOH > CH₃CH₂COO^-Na⁺ + CH₃OH

Question 12

why is alkaline hydrolysis of esters preferred to acid hydrolysis (2)

Answer 12

products made are more easily separated
increased yield due to non-reversible reaction

Question 13

how is a carboxylic acid recovered from alkaline hydrolysis of esters

Answer 13

adding excess dilute HCl

Question 14

where does acid hydrolysis of fats happen

Answer 14

the stomach

Question 15

where does alkaline hydrolysis of fats happen

Answer 15

soap factories

Question 16

Typical fat structure

Answer 16

CH₂-O-CO-(CH₂)₁₆CH₃
CH–O-CO-(CH₂)₁₆CH₃​
CH₂-O-CO-(CH₂)₁₆CH₃​

Question 17

acid hydrolysis of fats equation

Answer 17

fat + 3 H₂O ⇌ glycerol (propane-1,2,3-triol) +
3 CH₃(CH₂)₁₆COOH

Question 18

uses of products from acid hydrolysis of fats

Answer 18

fatty acid - cell membranes
glycerol - respiration

Question 19

alkaline hydrolysis of fats equation

Answer 19

fat + 3 NaOH ⇌ glycerol (propane-1,2,3-triol) +
3 CH₃(CH₂)₁₆COO^-Na⁺

Question 20

usesof products from alkaline hydrolysis of fats

Answer 20

sodium carboxylate - soap
glycerol - respiration

Question 21

glycerol molecule

Answer 21

CH₂OH
CHOH
CH₂OH

Question 22

reaction of fat with methanol equation

Answer 22

fat + 3 CH₃OH ⇌ glycerol (propane-1,2,3-triol) +
3 CH₃(CH₂)₁₆COOCH₃

Question 23

uses of products from reaction between fats and methanol

Answer 23

methyl ester - biodiesel
glycerol - respiration

Question 24

soap molecule diagram

Answer 24

(hydrophobic tail) /\/\/\/\/\/\/\C=O (hydrophilic head)
O-Na+</sup>

Question 25

propanoic acid + methanol equation

Answer 25

CH₃CH₂COOH + CH₃OH ⇌ CH₃CH₂COOCH₃ + H₂O
methyl propanoate

Question 26

advantage / disadvantage of esters as food flavouring

Answer 26

adds flavour
unnatural

Question 27

disadvantage of esters as plasticisers

Answer 27

can dangerous

Question 28

advantage / disadvantage of esters as perfume

Answer 28

distinctive smell
unnatural

Question 29

disadvantage of esters as glue

Answer 29

can evaporate too quickly

Question 30

name of CH₃C(=O)
C₃H₇</sup>

Answer 30

propyl ethanoate

Question 31

diagram to illustrate how soap works

Answer 31

water O\/\/\/(/ oil )/\/\/O