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Chemisty > Carbon Chemistry > Flashcards

Carbon Chemistry Flashcards

1
Q

Definition of hydrocarbon?

A

A compound that contains only carbon and hydrocarbon.

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2
Q

How is the election arrangement wrote use carbon as an example

A

2.4

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3
Q

What in the general formula of an alkanes

A

Cn H2n+2

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4
Q

What is a saturated hydrocarbon?

A

Has no double bonds

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5
Q

What’s the general formula of an Alkene?

A

Cn H2n

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6
Q

What is a unsaturated hydrocarbon?

A

Double bond, alkene

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7
Q

Name for 1 carbon atom

A

Meth

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8
Q

Name for 2 carbon atoms

A

Eth

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9
Q

Name for a atom with 3 carbon atoms

A

Prop

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10
Q

Name with 4 carbon atoms

A

But

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11
Q

Name with 5 carbon atoms

A

Pent

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12
Q

Name with 6 carbon atoms

A

Hex

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13
Q

Name with 7 carbon atoms

A

Hept

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14
Q

Name with 8 carbon atoms

A

Oct

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15
Q

Name with 9 carbon atoms

A

Non

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16
Q

Name with 10 carbon atoms

A

Dec

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17
Q

Where do most of our alkanes come from

A

Crude oil

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18
Q

What separates crude oil into more useful substances

A

Fractional distillation

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19
Q

Products of complete combustion

A

Carbon dioxide

Water

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20
Q

Products of incomplete combustion

A

Carbon monoxide/ carbon soot and water

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21
Q

Why is carbon monoxide and carbon soot bad

A

Poisonous and global dimming

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22
Q

What’s the name for naming molecule

A

Nomonclature

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23
Q

How to name organic molecules

A
  1. Highlight the longest carbon chain (end name)
  2. circle branches name with yl, give number making sure it’s the smallest
  3. Different branches- alphabetical , if 2 of the same it’s dim(branch) etc
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24
Q

What is molecular formula , example ?

A

Written

Eg c3H8

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25
Q

What is a displayed formula ?

Etc

A

Drawn out
H H H
H-C-C-C-H
H H H

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26
Q

What is the skeletal formula ?

A

Lines

/\/

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27
Q

What is the structural formula

A

CH3 CH2 CH3

Number of displayed

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28
Q

What are alkenes?

A

Unsaturated hydrocarbons - c=c double bond

Name end in -ene

The number for the -ene is where the double bond starts

Eg but-1-ene

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29
Q

How are branches added to alkanes

A

Alphabetically order before alkenes name

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30
Q

Chemical reactions with alkanes

A

Combustion

Reaction with halogens

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31
Q

Combustion with alkanes

A

Alkanes are excellent fuels , they burn completely in the air to form carbon dioxide and water

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32
Q

Alkanes reaction with halogens

A

They react with halogens in a substation reaction, one of more hydrogens are replaced by halogens atoms

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33
Q

What is formed by reaction of alkanes with halogens

A

Hydrogen halide

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34
Q

What is a free radical substitution mechanism

A

A series of steps that show the reaction taking place

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35
Q

What is a free radical

A

A species with an unpaired electron

They are extremely reactive

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36
Q

How are free radicals represented

A

A dot

Eg cl.

The dot is and unpaired electron

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37
Q

Why are the stages of free radical substation mechanisms

A

Initiation

Propagation

Termination

38
Q

What happens in the initation stage?

A

Molecules get broken into free radicals in UV light

Eg cl2 - cl
Cl2 - 2cl

39
Q

What happens in propagation ?

A

Radical + molecule -> radical + molecule

Eg cl. + CH4-> .CH3 + HCL

Take away a H and place on old radical

40
Q

What happens in termination ?

A

In the termination steps 2 radicals join to make a molecule

Eg. Cl. + .CH3 -> CH3CL

41
Q

What element is never a radical

A

Hydrogen

42
Q

What is meant by a structural isomerism ?

A

Same molecule with different structural formula

43
Q

Boiling points is alkanes

A

Are all really low points due to low intermolecular forces

44
Q

How do the boiling points increase ?

A

As there is more atoms there’s more electrons therefore more London forces

45
Q

Correlation of branches and boiling points

A

More branches less boiling points , less points of contact meaning less London forces

46
Q

What structure do alkanes have

A

Simple molecular structure -
String covalent binds
Weak intermolecular forces (what breaks )

47
Q

What state are alkanes in at room temperature

A

Gases / liquids

48
Q

what are all single bonds

A

Signs bonds

49
Q

Why do alkanes not react polar substance ?

A

They are non polar meaning they don’t have a side which is positive/ negative therefore pulled equally when sharing an election meaning neutral and had no charge

50
Q

Why does hydrogen have a weaker pull in electron than chlorine

A

As hydrogen is delta positive and chlorine is delta negative

51
Q

What is dipolar

A

A polar molecule with nearly has the electron eg chlorine, the delta negative one

52
Q

What is a unstantaneous dipole

A

Electrons are constantly moving so can form an uneven distribution of electrons

53
Q

What can an unstantaneous dipole cause ?

A

Another dipole in a nearby molecule

54
Q

How can an unstantaneous dipole cause another dipole in a nearby molecule ?

A

The electrons in the other molecules are repelled are therefore moved , this can happen continuously and quickly

55
Q

What alkanes are gases at room temperature

A

Methane
Ethane
Propane
Butane

56
Q

What alkanes are liquids at room temperature?

A 
Pentane
Hexane 
Heptane 
Octane 
Nonane 
Decane
57
Q

How are the shape of molecules made

A

Electrons repel each other as far back as possible making it 3D

58
Q

How do you show something in a straight angle

A

Straight line

59
Q

How do you show something going behind

A

Dashed line

60
Q

How do you show something going forward

A

Right angle triangle

61
Q

What’s so special about the arrangements of bonds around a carbon atom

A

There’s a tetrahedral arrangement, each bond angle is 109.5 degrees

62
Q

What are cycloalkanes

A

Saturated compounds with the general formula cnH2n

Same as alkanes -unsaturated double bonds

63
Q

What is special about cycloalkanes arrangement

A

They have strained rings and can pop open easily as the bond angle is forced to be less than 109.5 degrees

64
Q

What reactions do alkenes do ?

A

Addition because they are unsaturated

65
Q

What is a addition reaction ?

A

An alkene and another molecule will join together to make one product

66
Q

What atom economy must an addition reaction have ?

A

100%

67
Q

formula of atom economy

A

Mr of desired product

Mr if all product. x100

68
Q

Example of hydrogen halides?

A

HBr
HCl
HI

69
Q

How many products are produced when an alkene reacts with a hydrogen halides

A

2- major and minor

70
Q

What is markovnikoffs rule ?

A

When the H bind into the C that already has more hydrogen bonded to it this is the major product , there’s more produced then a minor

71
Q

When is it that minor and major products matter?

A

When the skeletal formula when spilt is non symmetrical

72
Q

What is the chemical test for a carbon carbon double bone

A

Bromine rafts with an alkene at room temperature and in the dark

Colour does from orange to colourless

73
Q

What mechanism does a reaction with bromine and alkene have

A

Electriphilic addition reaction

74
Q

How does the bromine test work ?

A

Br2 gets close to double bond making it polarised so electrons repelled from the bond

A pair of electrons move from the bond to the slightly positive Br causing the bond between the brs to break - hetrolytic bond fission

The br- attacks the carbon action forming a new c-br branch

75
Q

What is a electrophile

A

And electron pair acceptor it is slightly positive bromine

76
Q

What is a carboncation

A

Positive ion with carbon in

77
Q

What is a homologous series

A

A series of organic compound with the same functional group but with each successive member different by CH2

78
Q

What is a functional group

A

The part of the organic molecule responsible for its chemical reactions

79
Q

What is aliphatic

A

Containing carbon atoms joined together in straight or branched chains

80
Q

What is alicylic?

A

Contains carbon atoms joined together in a ring that is not aromatic

81
Q

What is aromatic

A

Containing one or more benzene rings

82
Q

What is an alkyl group

A

A side chain formed by removing a hydrogen atom removed from an alkene parent chain

CH3 C2H5

83
Q

What is saturated

A

Contains single bonds only

84
Q

What is unsaturated

A

Containing multiple carbon - carbon bonds

85
Q

What is a structural isomer

A

Molecules with the same molecular formula but with different structural formula

86
Q

What is a homolytic fission ?

A

The breaking of a covalent bond with one is the bonded electrons going to each atom , forming radicals

87
Q

What is heterolytic fission ?

A

The breakages of a covalent bond with both the bonded electrons going to each atom , forming a cation (positive ion) and an anion (negative ion)

88
Q

What is a radical

A

A species with an unpaired electron of

89
Q

What is a curly arrow ?

A

It is used over structural formulae in a chemical reaction to show the reaction mechanism, the movement of pairs of electrons as bonds between atoms are broken and formed

90
Q

What is a dipole

A

A separation in electrical charge so that one atom of a polar covalent bond or one end of a polar molecule has a small positive charge and the other has a small negative

Chemisty (2 decks)

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