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Grade 10 Chemistry > Carbon and its compounds > Flashcards

Carbon and its compounds Flashcards

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1
Q

Atomic number of carbon?

A

6
Electronic configuration (2,4)

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2
Q

Can carbon gain or lose 4 electrons to become stable?

A

Carbon cannot reach C+4 state or C-4 state by losing or gaining 4 electrons.

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3
Q

why cant carbon reach C+4 state or C-4 state?

A

It could lose 4 electrons forming C+4 state but it would require a large amount of energy to remove 4 electrons.

It could gain 4 electrons forming C-4 state but it would be difficult for nucleus of carbon to hold 4 extra electrons with 6 protons.

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4
Q

Unique nature of carbon?

A

Tetrahydral shape/Tetra valency: Carbon has 4 electrons in its outermost shell, so 4 covalent bonds can be formed.
Catenation property: A property in which carbon can make a chain of covalent bonds with n number of carbon atoms.

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5
Q

How does carbon show this unique property of catenation?

A

Carbon shows this property because of its size since it is smaller than other elements in the 14th group. Nucleus of carbon can hold the shared pair of electrons very strongly.

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6
Q

What are hydrocarbons?

A

Compounds compromising of hydrogen and carbon only. Types:
Saturated, Unsaturated.

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7
Q

What are saturated hydrocarbons?

A

Hydrocarbons which have carbon-carbon single bond. Consist of alkanes.
General formula is CnH2n+2
Methane, Ethane, Propane

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8
Q

What are unsaturated hydrocarbons?

A

Hydrocarbons which have carbon-carbon double or triple bonds. Consist of alkenes and alkynes.

Alkenes: CnH2n carbon-carbon double bond.
Methene, Ethene, Propene

Alkynes: CnH2n-2 carbon-carbon triple bond.
Methynes, Ethyne, Propyne

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9
Q

Allotrophy?

A

Phenomenon in which an element like carbon can exist in various forms having different physical properties but identical chemical properties. Eg:
Diamond, Fullerene, Graphite are allotropes of carbon

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10
Q

Why is Diamond hard?

A

Diamond is hard because each carbon atom in diamond satisfies its valency with 4 other carbon atoms only.

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11
Q

Why does graphite conduct electricity?

A

Graphite can conduct electricity because there is a weak bond in graphite as it satisfies its 4 valency with 3 carbon atoms only. It also allows free movement of electrons.

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12
Q

Structural isomers/Isomerism?

A

Compounds with identical molecular formula but different structures. Types:
Straight/N- chain, Branched chain, Ring structure.

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13
Q

Functional groups?

A

An atom or a group of atoms that make a carbon atom reactive and decides its chemical properties.
Halogens, Alcohols, Aldehydes, Ketones, Carboxylic acids.

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14
Q

Alcohols functional group?

A

-OH

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15
Q

Aldehydes functional group?

A

C double bond O single bond H
H-C=O

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16
Q

Ketones functional group?

A

Attached in middle. First ketone member is propanone.
C=O

17
Q

Carboxylic acid functional group?

A

C double bond O single bond OH
OH-C=O

18
Q

Homologous series?

A

Group of organic compounds having similar structure and chemical property in which successive group differ by CH2 or 14u.

19
Q

Chemical properties of hydrocarbons?

A

Combustion
Oxidation
Addition
Substitution

20
Q

Combustion?

A

A reaction in which a substance burns with excess of O₂ to give CO₂ and H₂O.

CH₄ + O₂→ CO₂ + H₂O
C₂H₆ + O₂ → CO₂ + H₂O
Complete combustion gives blue flame.
Lack of O₂ give yellow/orange flame.

21
Q

Oxidation reaction?

A

A reaction in which alcohols are converted into carboxylic acids by oxidizing them with alk.KMnO₄ or acidified.K₂Cr₂O₇

C₂H₅OH → (in presence of alk.KMnO₄ or acidified K₂Cr₂O₇) CH₃COOH + H₂O

22
Q

Addition reaction?

A

Unsaturated → Saturated Hydrocarbon
By adding hydrogen in presence of Ni/Pd.

Eg: Ethene → Ethane
Propyne → Propene

23
Q

Hydrogenation reaction?

A

Reaction in which there is addition of hydrogen to remove double bond, it is known as hydrogenation reaction. Used in vegetation of oil.

24
Q

Substitution reaction?

A

Reaction in which hydrogen is replaced by any halogen in presence of sunlight.
CH₄ + Cl₂ → CH₃Cl+ HCl

25
Q

Uses of ethanol?

A

C₂H₅OH
Used in medicines such as tincture iodine, cough syrups and many tonics.

26
Q

Reaction of ethanol with sodium?

A

2Na + 2C₂H₅OH → C₂H₅ONa + H₂
Alcohols react with sodium giving out H₂

27
Q

Reaction to give unsaturated hydrocarbon?

A

Heating ethanol at 443 K with excess concentrated sulphuric acid results in dehydration of ethanol to give ethene.

C₂H₅OH → (conc. H₂SO₄ at 443 K) C₂H₄ + H₂O

28
Q

5-8% of ethanoic acid in water is called?

A

Vinegar and is widely used as a preservative in pickles.

29
Q

Why is ethanoic acid also called glacial acetic acid?

A

This is because melting point of pure ethanoic acid is 290 K and hence it often freezes during winter in cold climates.

30
Q

Esterification reaction?

A

Reaction in which an acid reacts with an alcohol to give a sweet smelling substance called ‘ester’.

CH₃COOH + C₂H₅OH → (In presence of acid catalyst) CH₃COOC₂H₅ + H₂O

31
Q

Reaction of ethanoic acid with base?

A

CH₃COOH + NaOH → CH₃COONa + H₂O

32
Q

Reaction of ethanoic acid with carbonates and hydrogen carbonates?

A

CH₃COOH + Na₂CO₃ → CH₃COONa + H₂O + CO₂

CH₃COOH + NaHCO₃ → CH₃COONa + H₂O + CO₂

33
Q

What are soaps?

A

Soaps are sodium or potassium salts of long chain carboxylic acids.

34
Q

What are detergents?

A

Detergents are generally ammonium or sulphonate salts of long chain
carboxylic acid.

35
Q

What is hard water?

A

Hard water means, water having a very high mineral content like
calcium and Magnesium salts.

36
Q

What is soft water?

A

Water which does not contain calcium and magnesium salts.

37
Q

Nature of dirt?

A

Dirt is mostly oily in nature and oil does not dissolve in water.

38
Q

How is micelles formed?

A

Ionic end of soap interacts with water while the carbon chain interacts with oil.

Grade 10 Chemistry (1 decks)

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