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Biology II > Carbon > Flashcards

Carbon Flashcards

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1
Q

how does carbon enter living organisms

A

through food

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2
Q

what are cells composed of

A

70–95% of cells are composed of water, the rest consists mostly of
carbon-based compounds

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3
Q

what makes the diversity of organisms possible

A

carbon is unparalleled in its ability to form molecules that are large, complex, and varied

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4
Q

what is composed of carbon compounds

A

proteins, DNA, carbohydrates, and
lipids

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5
Q

what is organic chemistry

A

the study of carbon-based compounds is called organic chemistry

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6
Q

why is carbon special

A

the tetravalence of carbon (four covalent bonds) makes large,
complex molecules possible

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7
Q

what happends when two carbon atoms are joined by a double bond

A

the molecule has a flat shape

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8
Q

what happens when you change the shape of a molecule

A

the function changes

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9
Q

what are organic compounds

A

organic molecules are compounds with a carbon hydrogen backbone and/or originate from biological sources

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10
Q

how are organic compounds are formed

A

by living organisms

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11
Q

what do the properties of organic compounds depend on

A
  • the arrangement of the carbon skeleton
  • the elements that are attached to the carbon skeleton (the functional groups)
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12
Q

what are hydrocarbons

A

organic molecules consisting of only carbon and hydrogen

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13
Q

what happens when hydrocarbons undergo reactions

A

hydrocarbons can undergo
reactions that release a large
amount of energy (fossil fuel)

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14
Q

what do hydrophobic interactions produce

A

hydrocarbons tend to clump together in water

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15
Q

how can hydrocarbonds be found

A
  • long or short straight chains
  • single or multiple branched chains
  • Rings
  • composed of nonpolar covalent C-H and C-C bonds, making all hydrocarbons nonpolar molecules (ex: hydrophobic).
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16
Q

how can carbon skeleton be diverse

A

skeletons can vary in their degree of branching

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17
Q

what are isomers

A

compounds with the same formula and different structure

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18
Q

what are functional groups

A

attached to carbon skeletons are functional groups, they provide a molecule with a particular characteristic/function giving in unique propertities

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19
Q

what can most functional groups form

A

most functional groups can form ionic and hydrogen bonds with other molecules (causes organic molecule to exhibit hydrophilic properties)

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20
Q

can some functional groups be nonpolar and cause the molecule to be hydrophobic

A

yes

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21
Q

what do variations in functional groups influence

A

development of anatomical and
physiological differences

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22
Q

what is the female lion hormone

A

estradiol

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23
Q

what is the male lion hormone

A

testosterone

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24
Q

Describe the similarities in the hormones

A

carbon skeleton (same in both): four rings,1 pentagon, 3 hexagon, cholestrol

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25
Q

what are the seven most important functional group

A

1) Hydroxyl group
2) Carbonyl group
3) Carboxyl group
4) Amino group
5) Sulfhydryl group
6) Phosphate group
7) Methyl group

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26
Q

what is the hydroxyl group

A

hydroxyl groups provides polarity to the parent molecule, the overall polarity of the molecule will depend how many OH groups there are relative to the molecule’s size

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27
Q

which is more polar C2H5OH or C6H13OH

A

C2H5OH

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28
Q

what are alcohols

A

organic compounds containing hydroxyl groups (methanol, ethanol)

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29
Q

why is glucose considered a highly polar molecule

A

glucose (C6H12O6) contains five OH

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30
Q

why are sugars soluble in water

A

the presence of hydroxyl groups

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31
Q

what is the CARBONYL group

A

carbonyl groups (aldehydes and ketones) provide some degree of polarity to the parent molecule due to electronegative oxygen attracts covalent electrons

32
Q

what are aldehydes

A

aldehydes contain the carbonyl carbon bonded to at least one
hydrogen

33
Q

what are ketones

A

ketones have the carbonyl carbon bonded to two other carbons

34
Q

what are aldoses

A

monosaccharides containing aldehyde groups are termed aldoses (glucose)

35
Q

what are ketoses

A

monosaccharides containing ketone groups are termed ketoses (fructose)

36
Q

what can simple sugars be

A

aldehydes or ketones

37
Q

how does the presence of water change a molecules

A

when there is no water present, molecules form linearly, but most often in the presence of water they will form a ring

38
Q

what is the CARBOXYL group

A

carboxyl groups incorporate a C=O covalently bonded to -OH

39
Q

are molecules containing the carboxyl groups acidic or basic

A

weakly acidic

40
Q

is the CARBOXYL group polar

A

while this group does provide polarity, the way the atoms are linked provides a certain stability such that the group can dissociate (COOH –> COO-)

41
Q

what do all amino acids contain

A

a carboxyl group which can donate a hydrogen

42
Q

what does R represent

A

“remainder of the
molecule”

43
Q

what compounds also contain carboxyl

A

formic acid
acetic acid

44
Q

what is the amino group

A

amino groups provide some polarity due to the polar covalent bond between N and H, this group can also accept an extra H+ atom

45
Q

are molecules containing the amino group acidic or basic

A

weakly basic

46
Q

what is an important part of amino acids

A
  • alll amino acids contain an amino group which can accept a H
    -good organic buffer
47
Q

what can each each free amino acid do

A
  • can donate a proton to the surrounding solution (acidic) and/or accept a proton (basic)
48
Q

what is the R group

A

the part of the
molecule which will determine
the properties of each specific
amino acids

49
Q

what are amino group examples

A
  • nitrogenous bases in DNA and RNA contain amino groups
50
Q

what is a free amino acid

A

not part of a polypeptide

51
Q

what is the sulfhydryl group

A
  • sulfhydryl groups (-SH) can form very strong bond with another –SH group called a disulfide bridge
  • sulfhydryl groups help stabilize the internal structures of proteins
52
Q

where is the sulfhydryl group found

A
  • some proteins that contain cysteine amino acids
  • disulfide bridges form cross-links that can stabilize protein structures (ex: hair)
53
Q

what is the polarity of the sulfhydryl group

A

relatively non polar

54
Q

what is the phosphate group

A
  • phosphates can donate H+’s into solution making them weakly acidic
  • each phosphate can give up to 2 H+’s into solution
55
Q

describe phosphate group polarity

A

very polar, phosphate provides polarity to the
parent molecule

56
Q

what does the ionized form contribute

A

a negative charge to the parent molecule (ex: DNA)

57
Q

what is the phosphate a constituent of

A

phosphate groups are constituents of phospholipids:
– contributes to the polarity of the head region

58
Q

was is each nucleotide composed of

A

a nitrogenous base, a 5-carbon sugar, and a phosphate group
–the acidic phosphate contributes more to the pH exhibited by the molecules

59
Q

how many phosphate groupds does ATP contain

A

3 phosphate groups covalently bonded to one another

60
Q

what does ATP stand for

A

adenosine triphosphate

61
Q

how does each phosphate group being negatively charged affect its stability

A

since each phosphate group is neg charged, the groups naturally repel each other creating a relatively high degree of instability.

62
Q

what type of bonds are used in the phosphate group

A
  • due to the repelling nature of the phosphates, the covalent bonds
    keeping them together are high energy bonds.
  • this energy can be used to power a variety energy-requiring tasks in a cell (ex: movement of vesicles along microtubules)
63
Q

what is the polarity of the methyl group

A

non polar

64
Q

describe the characteristics of the methyl group

A

methyl groups (-CH3) can be added to certain molecules to act as an identity tag or a signal which will be read by various enzymes

65
Q

give an example of the methyl group

A
  • DNA can be methylated which will directly affect gene expression - methyl groups are present on male and female sex hormones to alter their shape and therefore their function
66
Q

how can chemical behaviour be predicted

A

when it is known what kinds of functional groups are present

67
Q

what are isomers

A

isomers are compounds with the same molecular formula (i.e. the
same numbers and types of atoms) but different structures and properties.

68
Q

what are the three important kinds of biology

A
  1. structural isomers
  2. gerometric isomers
  3. optical isomers
69
Q

what are structural isomers

A

structural isomers have different covalent arrangements of their
atoms
** structure=function

70
Q

what are geometric isomers

A

structural isomers have the same covalent arrangements of their
atoms

71
Q

what is the difference between a cis isomer and a trans isomer

A
  • cis is the same side (better fat and better chance of dissolving in water)
  • trans is diagonal
72
Q

what is rhodopsin

A

the visual pigment rhodopsin in the human eye rotates around a double bond when hit by light at the back of the retina, transforming from its cis isomer to trans isomer

73
Q

what are enantiomers

A
  • enantiomers are isomers that are mirror images of each other
  • usually consists of a carbon (i.e. asymmetric carbon) attached to
    four different functional groups
  • cells will recognize one enantiomer (biologically active) but not the other
74
Q

how are enantiomers and drugs related

A

two enantiomers of a drug may have different effects, which demonstrates that organisms are sensitive to even subtle variations in molecules

75
Q

what are macromolecules

A

macromolecules are large molecules composed of thousands of covalently connected atoms

76
Q

what is dehydration synthesis

A

monomers form larger molecules by condensation reactions (dehydration reactions)
– requires energy and catalyst

77
Q

how to breakdown molecules

A

Polymers are disassembled to
monomers by hydrolysis
– occurs passively but cells use a catalyst

Biology II (19 decks)

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