Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

HB 1 > Carbohydrates Part 1 > Flashcards

Carbohydrates Part 1 Flashcards

1
Q

What is a carbohydrate? What is it composed of?

A

Biomolecules consisting of C, H, and O atoms
Primary energy source for metabolic processes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What are saccharides? What are the 4 types and examples of each?

A

A group that includes sugars, starch and cellulose
Monosaccharides- sugars, glucose
Disaccharides- lactose, sucrose
Oligosaccharides
Polysaccharides- starch, glycogen

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Describe Monossacharides. How many carbons? What are they defined by?

A

Simple sugars
3-9 C atoms
Defined by location of carbonyl group

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Describe Aldose. Where is the location of the carbonyl group? What kind of group is it?

A

Monosaccharide
Carbonyl group is on endmost C atom
Aldehyde group

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Describe Ketose. Where is the location of the carbonyl group? What kind of group is it?

A

Monosaccharide
Carbonyl group within sugar backbone
Ketone group

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What is a functional group?

A

Characteristic groups in organic molecules that give them their reactivity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What is a chiral carbon on a monosaccharide?

A

4 different atoms or groups of atoms attached
C atom farthest from the carbonyl group

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What is the orientation of the OH group within D-sugar? What sugar exists naturally in this form?

A

On the chiral center on the right
Glucose

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What is the orientation of the OH group within L-sugar?

A

On the chiral center on the left

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Which glucose (D or L) is the natural form? What is their relationship to each other?

A

D glucose is the natural form
Enantiomers

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Are monosaccharides soluble in water? By what process do they form rings? What is the significance of this phenomenon?

A

Soluble in water
Form rings via internal cyclization
Thermodynamically more stable form

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What is a pyranose ring?

A

Ring with 5C and 1O atom forms
The hydroxyl group on carbon 5 reacts with aldehyde at carbon 1

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What is a furanose ring?

A

Ring with 4 C and 1 O atom forms
The hydroxyl on carbon 4 reacts with the aldehyde at carbon 1

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

How is a hemiacetal formed? What do they contain?

A

Formed when an alcohol reacts with an aldehyde
Contain alcohol (OH) and an ether (OR) group attached to the same carbon

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What are anomers?

A

Geometric variation of cyclic sugars

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What is the most common form of glucose at equilibrium in aqueous?

A

Pyranose

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Define glycosides/glycosidic bonds/linkage. What portions of the carbohydrate are involved?

A

Covalent bond that joins carbohydrate (sugar) to another carbohydrate (sugar) to form disaccharide
Hydroxyl group of carbohydrate and hydrogen of another sugar or organic molecule
Ex: glucose and galactose can form Lactose structure

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What is a glycosidic bond? What is a glycoside? What atoms may be involved with this bond?

A

Sugar (OH group) may form a glycosidic bond with another biomolecule that is not a carbohydrate (can be between sugar and sugar or sugar and non carbohydrate
Substance containing a glycosidic bond
O, N, S, or C

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What is a nucleotide? What is a nucleoside, what bond is involved? What are the 5 nitrogenous bases?

A

Phosphate, ribose sugar and nitrogenous base
Ribose sugar and nitrogenous base (linked by glycosidic bond)
Adenine, guanine, cytosine, thymine, uracil

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Is the dominating form of D-glucose the open chain form or the furanose form?

A

Furanose ring

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What is formed when monosaccharides (alcohols) react with acids?

A

Esters

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What are the three components of a nucleoside triphosphate? (ATP) What does it function as?

A

Nitrogenous base adenosine
Sugar ribose
Triphosphate
Energy source

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What are the contents of the enzyme Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide? (NAD)

A

Adenine (nitrogenous base)
2x the sugar ribose
2x phosphate
Nicotinamide (form of vitamin B3)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

What is NAD involved in?

A

Coenzyme involved in oxidation reduction reaction
Glycolysis, fatty acid oxidation, TCA cycle, mitochondrial respiratory chain

25
Q

What is NADP+? How is it formed? How is NADPH formed?

A

Universal electron carrier
Additional phosphate added to NAD+
NADPH formed form NADP+ through pentose pathway to glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase

26
Q

What occurs during reduction of D-Ribose? What is produced?

A

Carbonyl group of aldehyde is reduced to an alcohol
Results in reduced sugar (D-ribitol)

27
Q

What are the components of flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD)? What reactions is it involved in?

A

Adenine
Sugar ribose
2x phosphate (diphosphate)
Riboflavin (vitamin B2)

Redox active metabolic reaction

28
Q

Is FAD an oxidizing or reducing agent? What occurs when it goes through the opposite process?

A

FAD is oxidizing agent and is reduced to FADH 2
FADH2 is reducing agent and is oxidized to FAD

29
Q

What is hyperglycemia?

A

High blood sugar
Diabetes

30
Q

How do glucose, sucrose and fructose compare to each other when considering sweetness? (Least to most)

A

Glucose
Sucrose
Fructose (sweetest common sugar, less calories b/c less is needed)

31
Q

How do artificial sweeteners compared to real sugars? What kind of effects do they have on the body?

A

More sweet
Can cause changes in stomach bacteria leading to inflammation, obesity, heart disease and diabetes

32
Q

What are disaccharides? What are they joined together by? What are 3 examples?

A

2 monosaccharides joined but a glycosidic bond
Ex: sucrose, maltose, lactose (milk sugar?

33
Q

What enzyme to deficient in lactose intolerance?
When does lactose intolerance form?

A

Lactase
Almost everyone is born with ability to digest it (breast milk), can develop at any age

34
Q

How many monosaccharides are joined in oligosaccharides?

A

3-10

35
Q

How many monosaccharides are joined in polysaccharides? What are some examples?

A

More than 10
Glycogen, starch, cellulose (polymers of D/glycose)

36
Q

What is starch? What is it produced by? What does it consist of?

A

Polymeric carbohydrate consisting of numerous glucose units joined by glycosidic bonds (white, tasteless, odorless)
Produced by most green plants for energy storage
Consists of amylose and amylopectin

37
Q

What can a starch be processed into?

A

Sugars used in processed food
Sugars and then fermented to produce ethanol for alcohol

38
Q

What is glycogen? Where can it be found/ made? What are the 2 forms?

A

Polysaccharide of glucose, serves as energy storage
In animals, fungi and bacteria
Produced and stored in cells of the liver and skeletal muscle
Two forms: glycogen for short term, triglyceride in adipose tissue for long term

39
Q

What controls glycogen breakdown? What is made from this breakdown?

A

Glucagon
Peptide hormone is produced

40
Q

How does liver glycogen function?

A

Short term energy
Responds to blood glucose level
Liver does not use glycogen for its own energy needs

41
Q

How does muscle glycogen function?

A

Provides readily avaible source of glucose during exercise
Supports anaerobic and aerobic
Muscle cannot release glucose into blood due to lack of glucose-6-phosphatase

42
Q

Besides the liver and skeletal muscle, where else can small amounts of glycogen be found?

A

Kidneys, RBC, WBC, glial cells in the brain, uterus during pregnancy to nourish embryo

43
Q

Where within the cell is glycogen stored?

A

Stored in the cytoplasm of animal cells for food energy
Forms energy reserve

44
Q

What are glycosaminoglycans (GAGs)? What roles do they have in the cell/body?

A

Structural carbohydrates
Role in cell signaling, regulation of cell growth, proliferation, promotion of adhesion, anticoagulation, wound repair, lubricant

45
Q

What else are GAGs called? Where are these found? What are two examples?

A

Mucopolysaccharides because of viscous, lubricating properties
Found in mucous secretions (ex: bladder lining protection from urine)
Ex: hyaluronic acid, heparin sulfate

46
Q

What is the charge and structure of GAGs (mucopolysaccharides)? What are they a part of?

A

Negatively charged
Long linear polysaccharides consisting of repeating disaccharide units
Part of proteoglycans (ex: cornea)

47
Q

Describe the structure of a glycosaminoglycan.

A

Repeating two-sugar unit consists of an uronic sugar and an amino sugar => amine group replaced hydroxyl group (OH)

48
Q

What is hylauronic acid? Where is it found? What is its function?

A

Anionic, non-sulfated glycosaminoglycan distributed throughout tissues
Part of ECM for cell proliferation and migration, progression of malignant tumors, wound repair

49
Q

What is the function of the hylauronic acid in the eye? What can it be used to treat?

A

Lubricant
Present in corneal endothelium and tears
Dry eye treatment
Lowers inflammation speeds up healing

50
Q

Which proteoglycan is important in neural development and also contributes to glia scar formation – hence preventing axonal growth (regeneration)?

A

Chondroitin sulfate proteoglycan (CSPGs)

51
Q

What is heparin sulfate composed of? What is its function? where can it be found in the eye?

A

Glucuronic acid (GlcA) linked to N-acetylglucosamine (GlcNAc)
Regulation, development, angiogenesis, blood coagulation, tumor metastasis
All retinal layers, choroid

52
Q

What is heparin?

A

A medication and naturally occurring glycosaminoglycan
Treats heart attacks

53
Q

What is chondroitin sulfate? Where can it be found?

A

Sulfated glycosaminoglycan
Attached to proteins part of proteoglycan
Structural component of cartilage

54
Q

What are proteoglycans? What does it consist of? Where can it be found?

A

Heavily glycosylated proteins
Consists of core protein with covalently attached GAG chain
Found in connective tissue

55
Q

Which proteoglycan is the major PG in the cornea?

A

Keratan sulfate

56
Q

What is Chondroitin sulfate proteoglycan (CSPGs) a structural component of?

A

Cartilage

57
Q

What are glycoproteins?

A

oligosaccharide chains (glycans) covalently
bound to the polypeptide chain

increase of hydrophilic nature of the protein

58
Q

What is a form of glycosylation resulting in creating a membrane anchor?

A

Glypiation

HB 1 (6 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions