CARBOHYDRATES & LIPIDS

Question 1

Carbon atom

Answer 1

Ability to form 4 covalent bonds
Unbranched/branched chains or single/multiple rings

Question 2

Monomers

Answer 2

Molecules that join together to form polymers
Ex. glucose, amino acids, nucleotides, fatty acids, glycerol

Question 3

Polymer

Answer 3

Molecules composed of many monomers
Make up macromolecules
Ex. polysaccharide, polypeptide, polynucleotide, triglyceride

Question 4

Macromolecule

Question 5

Condensation reaction

Answer 5

Reaction joining two molecules into one, releasing a water molecule

Question 6

Hydrolysis reaction

Answer 6

Addition of a water molecule to break down a larger molecules (polymers > monomers)

Question 7

Properties of glucose

Answer 7

Soluble in water due to its polarity (hydrophilic)
Transportable within bodily fluids
Chemically stable
Yields energy - primary fuel for respiration in cells

Question 8

Starch

Answer 8

Stores energy in plant

Question 9

Amylose

Answer 9

25% of starches
-1,4- glycosidic bonds
Long chain of alpha glucose molecules

Question 9

Amylopectin

Answer 9

75% of starches
-1,4- AND -1,6- glycosidic bonds
Long branched chain of alpha glucose molecules

Question 10

Glycogen

Answer 10

Polysaccharide used to store energy in animals
Highly branched and coiled
Alpha glucose molecules
-1,4- and -1,6- glycosidic bonds
Insoluble compact molecule

Question 11

Cellulose

Answer 11

Found in plant cell walls
Long straight chain of beta glucose molecules
-1,4- glycosidic bonds (alternating up/down)

Question 12

Microfibrils

Answer 12

Cellulose molecule groups held together by hydrogen bonds
Maintain structure of cell walls

Question 13

Glycoproteins

Answer 13

Important proteins located in phospholipid bilayer of cells
Carbohydrates attached act as antigens
Cell to cell adhesion allows formation of tissue
Receptors for hormones
Allow immune system to distinguish between self and non-self cells

Question 14

ABO blood groups

Answer 14

A - A antigens, B antibodies
B - B antigens, A antibodies
AB - A and B antigens, no antibodies
O - no antigens, A and B antibodies

Question 15

Types of lipids

Answer 15

Triglycerides - oils and fats
Waxes
Steroids
Phospholipids

Question 16

Lipids

Answer 16

Dissolve in non polar substances but not in aqueous solutions
Hydrophobic

Question 17

Triglycerides

Answer 17

A phosphate head and 3 fatty acids linked by 1 glycerol molecule
3 condensation reactions > releasing 3 water molecules

Question 18

Phospholipid

Answer 18

1 glycerol molecule attached to 2 fatty acids and 1 phosphate group

Question 19

Fats

Answer 19

Triglyceride
Solid at room temperature
High melting point
Long term energy storage in animals
Usually saturated fatty acids

Question 20

Oils

Answer 20

Triglyceride
Liquid at room temperature
Low melting point
Energy storage in plants and fish
Usually unsaturated fatty acids

Question 21

Saturated fatty acid

Answer 21

Single covalent bonds between all atoms in chain

Question 22

Unsaturated fatty acid

Answer 22

One or more double covalent bonds between 2 carbons in a chain

Question 23

Monounsaturated fatty acid

Answer 23

One double covalent bond

Question 24

Polyunsaturated fatty acid

Answer 24

Two or more double covalent bonds

Question 25

Amphipathic

Answer 25

Molecules that have both hydrophobic and hydrophilic regions
Ex. phospholipid bilayer
(hydrophilic phosphate head, hydrophobic fatty acid tails)

Question 26

How do steroids pass through the phospholipid bilayer?

Answer 26

Since they are hydrophobic, they diffuse through the hydrophobic fatty acid tails

Question 27

Steroids

Answer 27

Lipids with four carbon rings and a hydro carbon chain