CARBOHYDRATES & LIPIDS Flashcards

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1
Q

Carbon atom

A

Ability to form 4 covalent bonds
Unbranched/branched chains or single/multiple rings

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2
Q

Monomers

A

Molecules that join together to form polymers
Ex. glucose, amino acids, nucleotides, fatty acids, glycerol

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3
Q

Polymer

A

Molecules composed of many monomers
Make up macromolecules
Ex. polysaccharide, polypeptide, polynucleotide, triglyceride

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4
Q

Macromolecule

A
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5
Q

Condensation reaction

A

Reaction joining two molecules into one, releasing a water molecule

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6
Q

Hydrolysis reaction

A

Addition of a water molecule to break down a larger molecules (polymers > monomers)

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7
Q

Properties of glucose

A

Soluble in water due to its polarity (hydrophilic)
Transportable within bodily fluids
Chemically stable
Yields energy - primary fuel for respiration in cells

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8
Q

Starch

A

Stores energy in plant

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9
Q

Amylose

A

25% of starches
-1,4- glycosidic bonds
Long chain of alpha glucose molecules

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9
Q

Amylopectin

A

75% of starches
-1,4- AND -1,6- glycosidic bonds
Long branched chain of alpha glucose molecules

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10
Q

Glycogen

A

Polysaccharide used to store energy in animals
Highly branched and coiled
Alpha glucose molecules
-1,4- and -1,6- glycosidic bonds
Insoluble compact molecule

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11
Q

Cellulose

A

Found in plant cell walls
Long straight chain of beta glucose molecules
-1,4- glycosidic bonds (alternating up/down)

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12
Q

Microfibrils

A

Cellulose molecule groups held together by hydrogen bonds
Maintain structure of cell walls

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13
Q

Glycoproteins

A

Important proteins located in phospholipid bilayer of cells
Carbohydrates attached act as antigens
Cell to cell adhesion allows formation of tissue
Receptors for hormones
Allow immune system to distinguish between self and non-self cells

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14
Q

ABO blood groups

A

A - A antigens, B antibodies
B - B antigens, A antibodies
AB - A and B antigens, no antibodies
O - no antigens, A and B antibodies

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15
Q

Types of lipids

A

Triglycerides - oils and fats
Waxes
Steroids
Phospholipids

16
Q

Lipids

A

Dissolve in non polar substances but not in aqueous solutions
Hydrophobic

17
Q

Triglycerides

A

A phosphate head and 3 fatty acids linked by 1 glycerol molecule
3 condensation reactions > releasing 3 water molecules

18
Q

Phospholipid

A

1 glycerol molecule attached to 2 fatty acids and 1 phosphate group

19
Q

Fats

A

Triglyceride
Solid at room temperature
High melting point
Long term energy storage in animals
Usually saturated fatty acids

20
Q

Oils

A

Triglyceride
Liquid at room temperature
Low melting point
Energy storage in plants and fish
Usually unsaturated fatty acids

21
Q

Saturated fatty acid

A

Single covalent bonds between all atoms in chain

22
Q

Unsaturated fatty acid

A

One or more double covalent bonds between 2 carbons in a chain

23
Q

Monounsaturated fatty acid

A

One double covalent bond

24
Q

Polyunsaturated fatty acid

A

Two or more double covalent bonds

25
Q

Amphipathic

A

Molecules that have both hydrophobic and hydrophilic regions
Ex. phospholipid bilayer
(hydrophilic phosphate head, hydrophobic fatty acid tails)

26
Q

How do steroids pass through the phospholipid bilayer?

A

Since they are hydrophobic, they diffuse through the hydrophobic fatty acid tails

27
Q

Steroids

A

Lipids with four carbon rings and a hydro carbon chain

28
Q
A